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For 5.5 Vpp and 5 kHz, spatially mapped pH change from 8 s for (a) 60 s and (b) 120 s. Absolute pH value obtained from controls in Figure 2 for (c) 60 s and (d) 120 s. pH gradient calculated at a per pixel resolution at 60 s (e) and 120 s (f). (g) Time dependence of the pH change (solid black line) and absolute pH value (dashed red line).
