Table 2.

Summary of the light source, probe direction (linear and curvilinear arrays), approximate three-dimensional (3-D) light source-to-target distances measured from the fiber tip, energy densities, and coherent artifacts observed for each experiment.

Light source	Photoacoustic target and probe direction	3-D light source-to-target distance (mm)	Energy density at sheath tip ($\mathrm{mJ}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$)	Coherent artifacts observed in vivo
Dog 1
Interstitial (Fig. 2)	Seeds 1–3	5–9.5	84–167	Fiber, echo clutter
Urethra, end-firing fiber (Fig. 4)	Seeds 1–3	12	N/A	N/A
Dog 2
Interstitial Source 1 (Fig. 6)	Tissue surrounding source 1	0–5	89	Fiber
Interstitial Source 2, fiber coincident with sheath tip [Fig. 7(c)]	Tissue surrounding source 2	0–5	89	Fiber, echo clutter
Interstitial Source 2, fiber coincident with sheath tip [Fig. 7(d)]	Seed 1 (linear array directed toward seed 1 and source 1)	11	89	Fiber, echo clutter
Interstitial Source 2, fiber pulled 1 cm from sheath tip [Fig. 7(e)]	Seed 1 (linear array directed toward seed 1 and source 1)	3	$<89$	Fiber, echo clutter
Interstitial Source 1 (Fig. 8)	Seeds 2 and/or 3	5–6	89	Reverberation between seeds
Interstitial Source 2 [Fig. 6(a)]	Seeds 4 and 5	3–4	89	Reverberation between seeds (image not shown)