Table 2.
Study Characteristics
| Study Category | Author, Year | Study Design | Study Data and/or Population (n)/Type of Insurance (if applicable) | Follow-up Period | Abuse, Misuse, Diversion* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Burden Studies | CDC, 201110 | Report of data from various agencies/surveys | Patients with data in one of the following: National Vital Statistics System multiple cause of death files, NSDUH, Kaiser Family Foundation, or TEDS (n=36,450 deaths) |
1999–2008, with data comparisons made between 2009/2010 and 1999 | Abuse |
| Volkow et al, 201111 | Data analysis report (prescription practices) | Opioid prescription data from the VONA database from SDI Health (Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania) (n=79.5 million opioid prescriptions) |
1 year (2009) | Abuse (possible contributors) | |
| Paulozzi et al, 200912 | Retrospective study | People in WV whose deaths involved methadone and those whose deaths involved OOA (methadone [n=87]; OOA [n=163]) | 1 year (2006) | Abuse, misuse and diversion | |
| Wesiner et al, 200913 | Retrospective study | Adult enrollees of 2 health plans, KPNC (n=12,517 and GH (n=2292) of Seattle, WA | 1997–2005 for GH and 1999–2005 for KPNC | Abuse | |
| Hall et al, 200814 | Population-based, observational study | All WV state residents who died of unintentional pharmaceutical overdoses in 2006 (n=295) | 1 year | Diversion | |
| Paulozzi et al, 200615 | Trend analysis | Data from the CDC and the US Drug Enforcement Administration | 1979–2002 | Abuse, misuse, diversion | |
| Franklin et al, 200516 | Retrospective study | Workers in WA | 1995–2002 | Abuse (potential) | |
| Economic Burden Studies | Birnbaum et al, 20112 | Cost study | Administrative claims data and data from publicly available secondary sources | 1 year (2007) | Abuse, misuse and diversion |
| Hansen et al, 201117 | Cost study | NSDUH | 1 year (2006) | Abuse, misuse and diversion | |
| Braden et al, 201018 | Retrospective study | Adult enrollees in Arkansas Medicaid (n=38,491) and HealthCore (n=10,159) | 12 months prior to and following the index date (first day of the opioid use episode) | Abuse | |
| DAWN, 2010 (Report)19 | Report | DAWN | Comparisons from 2004–2008 | Abuse | |
| Birnbaum et al, 20069 | Cost study | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, other government data (NSDUH, TEDS, and DAWN) and a proprietary administrative claims database for an employed population | 1 year (2001) | Abuse | |
| Clinical AND Economic Burden Studies | CDC/Paulozzi et al, 201220 | Report | Patients who died of prescription drug overdose | NA | Abuse, misuse and diversion |
| White et al, 201121 | Retrospective claims analysis | Opioid abuse patients and demographically matched controls (Privately insured, opioid abuse patients [n=4474]/Controls [n=4474]; Florida Medicaid, opioid abuse patients [n=4667]/Controls [n=4667]) |
Costing study for a 12-month period; index date is 2003-2007 period | Abuse | |
| Baldasare, 2011, Brief Report/White Paper22 | Literature review | Online informational sources and numerous electronic databases for scholarly articles | 2000–2010 | Abuse | |
| Buse et al, 201123 | 2-phase, longitudinal, population-based study | Survey data (n=5796) | 4 years (2005–2009) | Abuse/dependence | |
| McAdam-Marx et al, 201024 | Historical case-control study | MAX data (n=37.5 million) | January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2003 | Abuse/dependence | |
| Braker et al, 200925 | Retrospective study | Patients in a Michigan Medicaid HMO and a large family medical practice (n=61) | 6 months | Misuse (potential) | |
| Cicero et al, 200926 | Claims analysis | Medical and drug benefit claims for privately (ie, no Medicare of Medicaid) insured people in a Midwest state (n=611,801) | 12 months (2004) | Abuse/dependence (proportion of patients in study) | |
| GAO testimonial, 200927 | Claims analysis | Medicaid beneficiaries in CA, IL, NY, NC, and TX | Fiscal years 2006 and 2007 | Abuse | |
| White et al, 200528 | Retrospective medical and pharmacy claims analysis | Self-insured employer health plans (abusers [n=740], non-abusers [n=2220]) | Costing study was 12-month period; 1998–2002 period | Abuse and dependence | |
| Treatment of Prescription Opioid Abuse Studies | Barnett, 200929 | Cost and utilization study | Individuals with opioid addiction receiving buprenorphine and methadone therapy (buprenorphine [n=606]; methadone [n=8191]) |
Federal fiscal year ending 30 September 2005 | NA |
| Ettner et al, 200630 | Cost study | Primary and administrative data from 43 substance abuse treatment providers in 13 counties in CA (main sample [n=2567]; sensitivity analysis cohort [n=6545]) |
2000–2001 | NA |
*
Not applicable for treatment studies.
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; NSDUH, National Surveys on Drug Use and Health; TEDS, Treatment Episodes Data Set; VONA, Vector One: National; WV, West Virginia; OOA, other opioid analgesics; KPNC, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California; GH, Group Health Cooperative; WA, Washington; DAWN, Drug Abuse Warning Network; NA, not applicable; MAX, Medicaid Analytic eXtract; GAO, Government Accountability Office; HMO, health maintenance organization; CA, California; IL, Illinois; NY, New York; NC, North Carolina; TX, Texas.