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. 2014 Dec 17;14:212. doi: 10.1186/s12876-014-0212-z

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© Kochi et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Effects of astaxanthin on serum levels of TNF-α and colonic expression levels of TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-6 , F4/80 , CCL2 , and CXCL2 mRNA in experimental mice. (A) The serum concentration of TNF-α was measured by enzyme immunoassay. (B) Total RNA was isolated from the colonic mucosa of experimental mice, and the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, F4/80, CCL2, and CXCL2 mRNA were examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR using specific primers. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (triple assays). *P < 0.05