Table 3.
Effects of astaxanthin on AOM-induced and BCAC formations in db/db mice
| Group no. | Treatment | No. of mice | Total no. of ACF/colon a | Total no. of ACF/colonaCrypt multiplicity (Average no. of crypts/foci) a | Total no. of large ACFs b /colon a | Total no. of BCACs/cm2 a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | None | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2 | Astaxanthin | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | AOM alone | 10 | 11.9 ± 7.2 | 27.4 ± 12.5 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 2.6 |
| 4 | AOM + astaxanthin | 10 | 4.3 ± 2.7c | 13.5 ± 5.7c | 0.3 ± 0.6c | 1.0 ± 1.0c |
aMean ± SD.
b“Large ACFs” are ACFs with four or more aberrant crypts.
c Significantly different from group 3 by Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test (P < 0.05).