Table 1. Subject characteristics according to gander and categories of pathoglycemia.
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Normoglycemia (n = 250) | Prediabetes (n = 136) | Diabetes (n = 48) | P value | Normoglycemia (n = 300) | Prediabetes (n = 149) | Diabetes (n = 93) | P value | |
| Age, y | 68.1 (67.3–68.9) | 69.6 (68.3–70.8)* | 69.2 (67.1–71.3) | 0.099 | 66.4 (65.8–67.0) | 66.5 (65.6–67.3) | 67.8 (66.7–68.9)* | 0.086 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 (24.4–25.3) | 25.2 (24.7–25.7) | 24.9 (23.1–26.6) | 0.662 | 24.9 (24.5–25.4) | 25.9 (25.2–26.6)* | 26.4 (25.6–27.1)* | 0.002 |
| Farmer, %(n) | 78.8 (197) | 84.6 (115) | 72.9 (35) | 0.175 | 89.0 (267) | 91.9 (137) | 92.5 (86) | 0.461 |
| Educational level, %(n) | ||||||||
| Illiteracy | 18.0 (45) | 21.3 (29) | 14.6 (7) | 0.540 | 25.0 (75) | 32.3 (30)* | 38.3 (57)* | 0.013 |
| 1–6 y | 55.6 (139) | 59.6 (81) | 62.5 (30) | 0.578 | 62.7 (188) | 51.7 (77) | 53.8 (50) | 0.055 |
| 7–12 y | 26.0 (65) | 18.4 (25) | 20.8 (10) | 0.220 | 12.0 (36) | 9.4 (14) | 14.0 (13) | 0.532 |
| ≥13 y | 3.6 (9) | 2.2 (3) | 10.4 (5)*† | 0.039 | 3.3 (10) | 2.7 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.208 |
| Smoke status, %(n) | ||||||||
| Current smoker | 39.6 (99) | 33.1 (45) | 33.3 (16) | 0.460 | 33.7 (101) | 28.2 (42) | 21.5 (20) | 0.069 |
| Ex-smoker | 30.0 (75) | 30.1 (41) | 39.6 (19)*† | 0.017 | 12.0 (36) | 9.4 (14) | 14.0 (13) | 0.532 |
| Nonsmoker | 30.4 (76) | 36.8 (50) | 27.1 (13) | 0.325 | 54.0 (163) | 62.4 (93) | 64.5 (60) | 0.108 |
| Drinking status, %(n) | ||||||||
| Drink everyday | 16.8 (42) | 14.0 (19) | 18.8 (9) | 0.672 | 13.7 (41) | 14.1 (21) | 11.8 (11) | 0.872 |
| Drink occasionally | 14.4 (36) | 16.2 (22) | 16.7 (8) | 0.859 | 16.3 (49) | 14.1 (21) | 10.8 (10) | 0.401 |
| x-drinker | 8.4 (21) | 13.2 (18) | 10.4 (5) | 0.322 | 10.7 (32) | 10.7 (16) | 10.8 (10) | 0.978 |
| Nondrinker | 60.4 (151) | 56.6 (77) | 54.2 (26) | 0.625 | 59.3 (178) | 61.1 (91) | 66.7 (62) | 0.448 |
| Fallers, %(n) | 3.2 (8) | 4.4 (6) | 4.2 (2) | 0.591 | 6.0 (18) | 5.4 (8) | 8.6 (8) | 0.488 |
| IPAQ, Met/week | 4035.3 (3524.4–4546.0) | 3783.4 (3153.2–4413.7) | 3730.4 (2588.0–4872.8) | 0.786 | 3409.0 (3002.8–3815.2) | 3273.0 (2725.5–3820.5) | 2734.9 (2005.4–3464.3) | 0.272 |
| Blood index | ||||||||
| CCr, min/L | 90.1 (80.4–95.8) | 77.2 (65.2–79.2)* | 70.4 (64.1–73.3)* | 0.045 | 90.0 (79.7–93.3) | 88.0 (78.7–90.3) | 83.5 (72.3–86.7) | 0.063 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 5.6 (5.4–5.7) | 5.7 (5.5–6.0) | 5.4 (4.9–5.9) | 0.401 | 5.4 (5.2–5.5) | 5.3 (5.1–5.6) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 0.995 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.6 (4.4–4.7) | 4.8 (4.6–5.0) | 8.4 (3.3–13.6)*† | <0.001 | 5.2 (5.1–5.4) | 5.3 (4.8–5.7) | 5.9 (4.2–7.5) | 0.381 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.3–1.5) | 2.5 (0.4–4.6) | 4.1 (1.8–6.4)* | 0.053 | 2.2 (1.1–3.4) | 3.0 (0.9–5.1) | 5.7 (1.7–13.2) | 0.265 |
| Hypertension, %(n) | 30.4 (76) | 45.6 (62)* | 45.8 (22)* | 0.005 | 42.0 (126) | 52.3 (78)* | 68.8 (64)* | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, %(n) | 5.6 (14) | 4.4 (6) | 14.6 (7)*† | 0.035 | 7.7 (23) | 6.7 (10) | 20.4 (19)*† | <0.001 |
| Stroke, %(n) | 8.8 (22) | 8.8 (12) | 6.3 (3) | 0.836 | 6.3 (19) | 4.7 (7) | 9.7 (9) | 0.306 |
| CHD, %(n) | 14.4 (36) | 16.9 (23) | 22.9 (11) | 0.325 | 26.0 (78) | 30.2 (45)* | 48.4 (45)* | <0.001 |
| Kidney disease, %(n) | 2.8 (7) | 2.9 (4) | 4.2 (2) | 0.878 | 3.3 (10) | 2.7 (4) | 8.6 (8) | 0.081 |
1. Pre-diabetes is defined by having fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels ≥100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/L) but <126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/L); diabetes is defined by self-reported or FPG ≥126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l)
2. BMI, body mass index; CCr, creatinine clearance; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; CHD, coronary heart disease; IPAQ, international physical activity questionnaire.
3. Obtained by using ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square for variables of proportion.
4. Mean; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values)
5. * normoglycemia compare with prediabetes & diabetes; †prediabetes compare with diabetes (P<0.05)