Figure 1.

Visual orientation conditioning of Drosophila in the flight simulator. (A) Schematic of the experimental setup. A tethered fly controls the rotation of the panorama via yaw torque produced by its flight. Two identical patterns (e.g., two vertical bars) are aligned to the opposing boundaries of the four quadrants of the panorama, such that the frontal bar is on its right when the fly heads toward one quadrant and on its left when the fly heads toward the other quadrant. (B) Performance index of the nine sessions to quantify the position preference of flies during the conditioning procedure. Wild-type Drosophila avoids the heat shock to stay more toward the safe quadrant during training and retain this position preference (conditioned visual orientation) during the final tests. All comparisons with chance level zero were made using one-sample t-tests. Error bars indicate SEM. (**) P < 0.01, (*) P < 0.05.