Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population, by diabetes status in 1997–99
| Normoglycaemia (n=4703) | Prediabetes*(n=648) | Newly diagnosed diabetes (n=115) | Known diabetes (n=187) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55·1 (5·9) | 57·5 (6·1) | 59·0 (6·1) | 57·4 (6·3) | <0·0001 |
| Men | 3428 (73%) | 474 (73%) | 81 (70%) | 130 (70%) | 0·71 |
| Single, divorced, or widowed | 1106 (24%) | 146 (23%) | 32 (28%) | 47 (25%) | 0·61 |
| Low education | 2018 (43%) | 292 (45%) | 56 (49%) | 93 (50%) | 0·14 |
| Heavy alcohol consumption† | 1270 (27%) | 195 (30%) | 26 (23%) | 52 (28%) | 0·26 |
| Current smoker | 482 (10%) | 48 (7%) | 12 (10%) | 14 (7%) | 0·10 |
| Inadequate physical activity‡ | 3522 (75%) | 477 (74%) | 92 (80%) | 153 (82%) | 0·08 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake less than once daily | 1218 (26%) | 144 (22%) | 27 (23%) | 41 (22%) | 0·14 |
| Respiratory illness | 351 (7%) | 43 (7%) | 6 (5%) | 20 (11%) | 0·23 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5·91 (1·05) | 6·12 (1·06) | 6·12 (1·12) | 5·92 (1·03) | <0·0001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 561 (12%) | 124 (19%) | 20 (17%) | 43 (23%) | <0·0001 |
| Hypertension | 1134 (24%) | 257 (40%) | 53 (46%) | 88 (47%) | <0·0001 |
| Stroke | 14 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 0·17 |
| Coronary heart disease | 240 (5%) | 44 (7%) | 14 (12%) | 21 (11%) | <0·0001 |
| Use of antidepressant drugs | 129 (3%) | 12 (2%) | 5 (4%) | 5 (3%) | 0·39 |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 122 (3%) | 22 (3%) | 9 (8%) | 14 (7%) | <0·0001 |
Data are n (%) or mean (SD).
*
Prediabetes was defined with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test as one of two states: impaired fasting glucose, defined as fasting plasma glucose between 6·1 mmol/L and less than 7·0 mmol/L, without impaired glucose tolerance; or impaired glucose tolerance, defined as fasting glucose of less than 7·0 mmol/L and a 2 h postload plasma glucose concentration between 7·8 mmol/L and less than 11·1 mmol/L.
†
More than 21 units per week for men and more than 14 units per week for women.
‡
Less than WHO recommendations.22