Table 2.
Estimated differences in cognitive function, as a function of diabetes status (cross-sectional analysis at 1997–99 assessment)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·05 (−0·13 to 0·03) | −0·05 (−0·13 to 0·03) | −0·04 (−0·13 to 0·04) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·09 (−0·27 to 0·09) | −0·08 (−0·26 to 0·10) | −0·07 (−0·25 to 0·12) |
| Known diabetes | 0·01 (−0·15 to 0·17) | 0·02 (−0·14 to 0·17) | 0·03 (−0·13 to 0·18) |
| Reasoning | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | 0·03 (−0·04 to 0·10) | 0·02 (−0·05 to 0·09) | 0·03 (−0·04 to 0·10) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | 0·05 (−0·12 to 0·21) | 0·06 (−0·10 to 0·22) | 0·07 (−0·09 to 0·23) |
| Known diabetes | −0·19 (−0·33 to −0·05)* | −0·18 (−0·32 to −0·04)† | −0·16 (−0·30 to −0·02)‡ |
| Phonemic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·05 (−0·13 to 0·03) | −0·06 (−0·14 to 0·02) | −0·05 (−0·13 to 0·03) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·03 (−0·21 to 0·15) | −0·02 (−0·20 to 0·16) | −0·01 (−0·18 to 0·17) |
| Known diabetes | −0·07 (−0·23 to 0·08) | −0·07 (−0·23 to 0·08) | −0·05 (−0·21 to 0·10) |
| Semantic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·05) | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·05) | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·05) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·09 (−0·26 to 0·09) | −0·08 (−0·25 to 0·10) | −0·07 (−0·24 to 0·11) |
| Known diabetes | −0·13 (−0·28 to 0·02) | −0·12 (−0·27 to 0·03) | −0·11 (−0·27 to 0·04) |
| Global score | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·04) | −0·04 (−0·12 to 0·03) | −0·03 (−0·11 to 0·04) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·05 (−0·22 to 0·11) | −0·04 (−0·21 to 0·12) | −0·02 (−0·19 to 0·14) |
| Known diabetes | −0·13 (−0·28 to 0·01) | −0·12 (−0·26 to 0·02) | −0·10 (−0·25 to 0·04) |
Data are beta coefficients (95% CI) based on standardised cognitive scores (mean =0, SD=1). p values for significant results (p<0·05) compared with reference group are indicated by footnotes. Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, marital status, and education. Model 2 is adjusted for same parameters as model 1 plus health-related behaviours (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Model 3 is adjusted for same parameters as model 2 plus coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, respiratory disease, total cholesterol, obesity, use of antidepressants, and use of lipid-lowering drugs. n for normoglycaemia is 4321; n for prediabetes is 606; n for newly diagnosed diabetes is 110; and n for known diabetes is 146.
p=0·008.
p=0·011.
p=0·023.