Table 3.
Estimated differences in cognitive decline over 10 years, as a function of diabetes status in 1997–99
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | 0·02 (−0·05 to 0·09) | 0·02 (−0·05 to 0·09) | 0·02 (−0·05 to 0·09) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | 0·07 (−0·09 to 0·22) | 0·06 (−0·10 to 0·21) | 0·06 (−0·10 to 0·21) |
| Known diabetes | −0·13 (−0·26 to −0·01)* | −0·13 (−0·26 to −0·00)† | −0·13 (−0·26 to −0·00)‡ |
| Reasoning | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·02 (−0·07 to 0·02) | −0·03 (−0·07 to 0·02) | −0·02 (−0·07 to 0·02) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·04 (−0·14 to 0·06) | −0·04 (−0·15 to 0·06) | −0·05 (−0·15 to 0·06) |
| Known diabetes | −0·10 (−0·19 to −0·01)§ | −0·10 (−0·18 to −0·01)¶ | −0·10 (−0·19 to −0·01)‖ |
| Phonemic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | 0·02 (−0·04 to 0·08) | 0·02 (−0·04 to 0·07) | 0·02 (−0·04 to 0·08) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·10 (−0·23 to 0·04) | −0·10 (−0·24 to 0·03) | −0·10 (−0·23 to 0·04) |
| Known diabetes | −0·09 (−0·20 to 0·02) | −0·08 (−0·20 to 0·03) | −0·08 (−0·19 to 0·03) |
| Semantic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | 0·00 (−0·05 to 0·06) | 0·00 (−0·06 to 0·06) | 0·00 (−0·05 to 0·06) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | 0·03 (−0·10 to 0·16) | 0·03 (−0·11 to 0·16) | 0·02 (−0·11 to 0·16) |
| Known diabetes | −0·06 (−0·17 to 0·05) | −0·05 (−0·16 to 0·06) | −0·05 (−0·16 to 0·06) |
| Global score | |||
| Normoglycaemia | .. | .. | .. |
| Prediabetes | −0·00 (−0·05 to 0·05) | −0·00 (−0·05 to 0·05) | −0·00 (−0·05 to 0·05) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·05 (−0·16 to 0·06) | −0·05 (−0·16 to 0·06) | −0·05 (−0·16 to 0·06) |
| Known diabetes | −0·12 (−0·21 to −0·02)** | −0·11 (−0·21 to − 0·02)†† | −0·11 (−0·21 to −0·02)‡‡ |
Data are beta coefficients (95% CI) based on standardised cognitive scores (mean=0, SD=1); −0·00 occurs because of rounding. Longitudinal analyses are based on data for cognitive function from 1997–99, 2002–04, 2007–09. p values for significant results (p<0·05) compared with reference group are indicated by footnotes. Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, marital status, and education. Model 2 is adjusted for same parameters as model 1 plus health-related behaviours (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Model 3 is adjusted for same parameters as model 2 plus coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, respiratory disease, total cholesterol, obesity, use of antidepressants, and use of lipid-lowering drugs. n for normoglycaemia is 4703; n for prediabetes is 648; n for newly diagnosed diabetes is 115; and n for known diabetes is 187.
p=0·039.
p=0·042.
p=0·046.
p=0.028.
p=0·028.
p=0·026.
p=0·014.
p=0·015.
p=0·014.