Table 4.
Association of glycaemic control (one percentage point increment in HbA1c) with estimated differences in cognitive decline, by diabetes status in 1997–99
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | |||
| Normoglycaemia | −0·02 (−0·09 to 0·04) | −0·03 (−0·09 to 0·03) | −0·02 (−0·08 to 0·04) |
| Prediabetes | −0·06 (−0·15 to 0·04) | −0·05 (−0·15 to 0·04) | −0·05 (−0·15 to 0·04) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·09 (−0·24 to 0·06) | −0·09 (−0·23 to 0·06) | −0·09 (−0·23 to 0·06) |
| Known diabetes | −0·13 (−0·23 to −0·02)* | −0·12 (−0·23 to −0·02)† | −0·12 (−0·22 to −0·01)‡ |
| Reasoning | |||
| Normoglycaemia | −0·02 (−0·06 to 0·02) | −0·01 (−0·05 to 0·03) | −0·02 (−0·06 to 0·02) |
| Prediabetes | −0·01 (−0·07 to 0·06) | −0·00 (−0·07 to 0·06) | 0·00 (−0·07 to 0·06) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·10 (−0·20 to −0·01)§ | −0·11 (−0·20 to −0·01)¶ | −0·11 (−0·20 to −0·01)‖ |
| Known diabetes | −0·07 (−0·15 to −0·00)** | −0·08 (−0·15 to −0·00)†† | −0·07 (−0·15 to 0·00) |
| Phonemic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | −0·03 (−0·08 to 0·03) | −0·02 (−0·07 to 0·03) | −0·01 (−0·07 to 0·04) |
| Prediabetes | −0·07 (−0·15 to 0·01) | −0·07 (−0·15 to 0·02) | −0·06 (−0·14 to 0·02) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·06 (−0·19 to 0·06) | −0·07 (−0·19 to 0·06) | −0·07 (−0·19 to 0·06) |
| Known diabetes | 0·01 (−0·09 to 0·11) | 0·00 (−0·09 to 0·10) | 0·01 (−0·09 to 0·10) |
| Semantic fluency | |||
| Normoglycaemia | 0·01 (−0·04 to 0·06) | 0·01 (−0·04 to 0·07) | 0·01 (−0·04 to 0·06) |
| Prediabetes | 0·01 (−0·07 to 0·09) | 0·01 (−0·07 to 0·09) | 0·01 (−0·07 to 0·09) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | 0·02 (−0·10 to 0·15) | 0·02 (−0·11 to 0·14) | 0·02 (−0·11 to 0·14) |
| Known diabetes | −0·02 (−0·11 to 0·08) | −0·02 (−0·11 to 0·07) | −0·02 (−0·12 to 0·07) |
| Global score | |||
| Normoglycaemia | −0·01 (−0·06 to 0·03) | −0·01 (−0·05 to 0·03) | −0·01 (−0·05 to 0·03) |
| Prediabetes | −0·05 (−0·11 to 0·02) | −0·04 (−0·11 to 0·02) | −0·04 (−0·11 to 0·03) |
| Newly diagnosed diabetes | −0·08 (−0·18 to 0·02) | −0·08 (−0·18 to 0·02) | −0·08 (−0·18 to 0·02) |
| Known diabetes | −0·06 (−0·14 to 0·02) | −0·07 (−0·15 to 0·01) | −0·06 (−0·14 to 0·01) |
Data are beta coefficients (95% CI) based on standardised cognitive scores (mean=0, SD=1); −0·00 occurs because of rounding. Data for cognitive function are from 1997–99, 2002–04, and 2007–09. p values for significant results (p<0·05) compared with reference group are indicated by footnotes. Model 1 is adjusted for age, sex, marital status, and education. Model 2 is adjusted for same parameters as model 1 and health-related behaviours (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Model 3 is adjusted for same parameters as model 2 and coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, respiratory disease, total cholesterol, obesity, use of antidepressants, and use of lipid-lowering drugs. n for normoglycaemia is 4336; n for prediabetes is 572; n for newly diagnosed diabetes is 100; and n for known diabetes is 152.
p=0·020.
p=0·022.
=0·034.
p=0·034.
p=0·027.
p=0·028.
p=0·049.
p=0·040.