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. 2014 Jul 23;113(6):542–550. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2014.66

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Copyright © 2014 The Genetics Society

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

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Initial introgression of memory retention genes. (a) Genes that control long-lasting memory (‘m') were backcrossed from N. giraulti (<48 h memory retention) into the background of N. vitripennis (>144 h memory retention). (b) Memory retention of F1 hybrids was compared with both parentals. (c) Selection for decreased long-lasting memory while backcrossing was started in the BC1 generation and resulted in decreased memory scores in the memory introgression lines when tested after 72 h, but not after 24 h in the (d) BC2, (e) BC3 and (f) BC4 generations. Level of significance: ***P<0.001, **<P<0.01, *0.01<P<0.05.