Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with urinary incontinence
| Characteristic | Never vs. Seldom/often incontinent | Never vs. often incontinent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted aOR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted aOR (95% CI) | |
| Non-diabetes related factors | ||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| <75 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 75-80 | 1.79 (1.37-2.35) | 1.57 (1.17-2.11) | 1.38 (0.94-2.01) | 1.18 (0.73-1.89) |
| 80-85 | 2.61 (1.92-3.56) | 2.11 (1.51-2.95) | 2.84 (1.87-4.31) | 2.35 (1.44-3.84) |
| >85 | 4.75 (3.36-6.71) | 3.13 (2.15-4.56) | 3.76 (2.38-5.93) | 2.29 (1.34-3.92) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Asian | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| White | 1.59 (0.99-2.55) | 2.15 (1.28-3.59) | 1.67 (0.93-3.01) | 1.80 (0.93-3.48) |
| African | 1.29 (0.73-2.28) | 2.12 (1.14-3.93) | 1.76 (0.90-3.44) | 2.43 (1.16-5.08) |
| American/Other | ||||
| Latino | 0.99 (0.64-1.53) | 1.08 (0.67-1.75) | 0.94 (0.51-1.70) | 0.91 (0.49-1.70) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Female | 1.55 (1.13-2.14) | 1.27 (0.91-1.78) | 1.38 (0.90-2.11) | 0.95 (0.61-1.49) |
| Geriatric factors | ||||
| Ambulation | ||||
| Independent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00(Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Dependentb | 2.34 (1.98-2.76) | 1.48 (1.19-1.84) | 2.89 (2.31-3.61) | 1.92 (1.37-2.67) |
| Transferring | ||||
| Independent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Dependentb | 2.84 (2.35-3.44) | 2.02 (1.58-2.58) | 3.72 (2.92-4.75) | 2.78 (1.99-3.89) |
| Cognitive Impairment | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 1.67 (1.40-1.99) | 1.41 (1.15-1.73) | 1.71 (1.37-2.13) | 1.85 (1.39-2.46) |
| Other Medications | ||||
| Loop or Thiazide Diuretic | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 1.24 (0.93-1.65) | 0.81 (0.57-1.15) | 0.94 (0.66-1.36) | 0.64 (0.39-1.04) |
| Other factors | ||||
| Depressive Symptoms | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 0.91 (0.64-1.29) | 0.97 (0.67-1.41) | 0.78 (0.48-1.25) | 0.75 (0.45-1.23) |
| Diabetes-related factors | ||||
| Hemoglobin A1c Level | ||||
| <7 | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 0.86 (0.71-1.05) | 0.75 (0.57-1.00) |
| 7-7.9c | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 8-8.9 | 0.76 (0.63-0.91) | 0.81 (0.65-1.01) | 0.86 (0.69-1.08) | 0.94 (0.69-1.29) |
| ≥9 | 0.69 (0.55-0.87) | 0.85 (0.65-1.11) | 0.85 (0.64-1.12) | 1.10 (0.74-1.63) |
| Diabetes Medications | ||||
| None | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Oral Medications | 1.66 (1.30-2.13) | 1.81 (1.33-2.45) | 1.50 (1.11-2.03) | 1.79 (1.17-2.75) |
| Insulin | 2.30 (1.58-3.37) | 2.62 (1.67-4.13) | 2.33 (1.53-3.54) | 3.41 (1.88-6.21) |
| Diabetes Complications | ||||
| Renal | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.95 (0.68-1.33) | 0.76 (0.51-1.13) | 0.73 (0.46-1.14) |
| Ophthalmologic | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 0.82 (0.60-1.13) | 1.00 (0.71-1.43) | 0.70 (0.46-1.09) | 0.68 (0.42-1.10) |
| Peripheral vascular | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 1.68 (1.08-2.61) | 1.31 (0.81-2.10) | 2.30 (1.38-3.83) | 2.33 (1.35-4.02) |
| Neurological | ||||
| Absent | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Present | 0.72 (0.51-1.02) | 0.73 (0.49-1.08) | 1.05 (0.68-1.65) | 1.43 (0.87-2.36) |
aAdjusted for age, gender, Asian race, depression, cognitive impairment, use of thiazide or loop diuretics, diabetic medication use, diabetic complications (neurological, renal, ophthalmologic, peripheral vascular, other), and dependence in transferring and/or ambulating.
bPartially or fully dependent.
cHemoglobin A1c level of 7% to 7.9% was used as the reference since the AGS “Guideline for improving the care of older persons with diabetes mellitus” recommends <8% as appropriate target for glycemic control for “frail elders with limited life expectancy [24]”.