Table 2.

The RAGE variants characteristics.

Receptor	Location	Activation effect
Native RAGE	Cell surface: Phagocytes Hepatocytes Endothelium Smooth muscles of blood vessel media Nervous system cells Glomeruli mesangial cells	Induction and maintenance of inflammatory response
Dominating negative RAGE (dnRAGE)	Cell surface	Signal transduction suppression by concentration of ligands on cell surface
Soluble secretory RAGE (sRAGE) Endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE)	Ligand-RAGE complexes released to circulating blood, degraded in liver and spleen	Binding of advanced glycation end products