Figure 1.

Overview of metabolic pathways that lead to the production of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived chemicals. The fatty acid biosynthesis (orange), β-oxidation cycle (blue), and the biosynthesis pathway of fatty acid-derived chemicals (gray) are presented. The enzymes of fatty acid metabolism in S. cerevisiae is in blue, in E. coli is in black, and the enzymes for conversion of fatty acids to their derivatives from other organisms is in red. AAR, acyl-ACP reductase; ACC1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AccABCD, a four subunits, biotin carboxyl carrier protein (AccB), biotin carboxylase (AccC), and acetyl-CoA carboxytransferase (AccA, AccD); Acr1 & Acr2, acyl-CoA reductase; ADC, aldehyde decarbonylase; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ADO, aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase; AHR, aldehyde reductase; BVMO, Baeyer–Villiger mono-oxygenase; CAR, carboxylic acid reductase; CER1, fatty aldehyde decarbonylase Des, fatty acid desaturase; DGAT1, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase; Elo, fatty acid elongase; FAA1 & FAA4, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase; FAA2 & FAA3, fatty acyl-CoA synthetase; FabA & FabZ, β-hydroxy acyl-ACP dehydratase; FabB, β-keto acyl-ACP synthase I; FabD, malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase; FabF, β-keto acyl-ACP synthase II; FabG, β-keto acyl-ACP reductase; FabH, β-keto acyl-ACP synthase III; FabI, enoyl acyl-ACP reductase; FadA & FadI, β-keto acyl-CoA thiolase; FadB & FadJ, enoyl-CoA hydratase/β-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; FadD, fatty acyl-CoA synthase; FadE, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; FadM, long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase III; FAMT, fatty acid methyltransferase; FAR, fatty acid reductase; FAS1, acyl-CoA:ACP transferase/β-hydroxyl acyl-ACP dehydratase/acyl-ACP reductase; FAS2, acyl-ACP synthase/β-keto acyl-ACP synthase; FOX2, enoyl-CoA hydratase/β-hydroxyl acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; LipL, lactonizing lipase; OhyA, oleate hydratase; OleABCD, a four protein families for long-chain olefin biosynthesis; OleT_JE, Jeotgalicoccus sp terminal olefin-forming fatty acid decarboxylase; OIs, a type I polyketide synthase for α-olefin biosynthesis; PaaF, 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase; PhaJ & PhaC, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthases to yield medium-chain length polyester (mcl-PHA); POX1, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase; POT1, β-keto acyl-CoA thiolase; TE, acyl-ACP thioesterase; WS/DGAT, wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase.