Comparison of heroin self-administration (SA) behavioral responses. The panels show the mean (sem) actual self-infusions obtained (A, B) and the mean (sem) heroin total intake (mg/kg) (C, D) over the seven 3-h sessions of heroin SA (0.05 mg/kg/infusion, continuous schedule of reinforcement) in all heroin or saline SA rats (A, C) or each of the 3 groups (B, D). Three groups of animals: (1) H-RI, the heroin SA rats with “high” reinstatement induced by acute foot shock stress, n = 10; (2) L-RI, the heroin SA rats with “low” reinstatement induced by acute foot shock stress, n = 10; and (3) NR, the rats below the criterion for acquisition of heroin SA (20 infusions on days 5–7 of SA testing, 0.05 mg/kg/infusion), n = 6. * p<0.001 vs. Session 1 within the group; # p<0.05 vs. NR group.