Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample (N=1369)^*.

Participant Characteristics†	Men N=555	Women N=814	p
Age, years	59.6 [11.4]	58.6 [11.4]	0.11
Education, years	11.4 [4.8]	8.4 [4.9]	<0.001
Duration of diabetes, years	9.6 [7.9]	9.3 [6.9]	0.40
Race/ethnicity			<0.001
White, %	37.7	20.0
Hispanic, %	44.5	62.3
Vietnamese, %	17.8	17.7
Health insurance type			<0.001
Uninsured, %	17.7	23.5
Commercial, %	21.1	11.8
Medicare, %	33.2	28.4
Medicaid, %	21.1	26.8
Medicare and Medicaid, %	7.0	9.6
Comorbidity (Total Illness Burden Index)	3.2 [2.3]	3.9 [2.4]	<0.001
Heart disease noted in the medical record, %	24.1	11.4	<0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2	30.7 [16.1]	30.7 [9.5]	0.98

^*Values presented as means with standard deviations in parentheses for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. P-values for group comparisons were computed using independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.

^†Age, education, race/ethnicity, duration of diabetes and comorbidity derive from patient questionnaire. All other data derive from medical record abstraction.