Table 1. Demographic characteristics at baseline according to milk intake frequency, 1988–1990, JACC Study.
| Men (n = 39 639) | Women (n = 55 341) | |||||||||||||
| Never | 1–2 times/month | 1–2 times/week | 3–4 times/week | Almost everyday |
P | Trend P |
Never | 1–2 times/month | 1–2 times/week | 3–4 times/week | Almost everyday |
P | Trend P |
|
| Number of subjects | 8551 | 3534 | 5962 | 5597 | 15 995 | 10 481 | 3666 | 7627 | 8146 | 25 421 | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.8 ± 9.9a | 55.2 ± 10.1 | 55.5 ± 10.1 | 55.1 ± 9.9 | 58.2 ± 10.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 58.1 ± 10.2 | 56.6 ± 10.2 | 55.6 ± 10.1 | 55.6 ± 9.9 | 57.9 ± 9.9 | <0.01 | 0.21 |
| Height (cm) | 162.6 ± 6.7 | 163.0 ± 6.7 | 163.2 ± 6.6 | 163.3 ± 6.6 | 163.1 ± 6.4 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 150.5 ± 6.1 | 150.8 ± 6.3 | 151.3 ± 5.9 | 151.4 ± 5.6 | 151.4 ± 5.9 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.4 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 22.9 ± 5.4 | 22.6 ± 2.7 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 23.0 ± 3.4 | 23.0 ± 3.8 | 23.1 ± 4.4 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 3.6 | <0.01 | 0.25 |
| Current smoker (%) | 60.7 | 59.3 | 58.0 | 53.4 | 47.3 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 7.8 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 3.9 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Current drinker (%) | 75.3 | 78.7 | 77.8 | 79.1 | 74.0 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 22.0 | 24.3 | 25.9 | 27.5 | 24.7 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Exerciseb (%) | 19.0 | 26.6 | 25.1 | 25.7 | 29.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 13.6 | 17.0 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 22.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Sleep durationc (%) | 30.0 | 33.5 | 31.9 | 32.4 | 32.0 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 32.1 | 34.1 | 35.8 | 36.3 | 36.2 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Green-leafy vegetables intaked (%) |
21.3 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 20.9 | 30.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 24.7 | 25.0 | 24.6 | 24.3 | 34.9 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Physical checkup participatione (%) |
54.8 | 59.2 | 57.9 | 54.9 | 59.2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 54.2 | 59.1 | 57.8 | 54.4 | 57.6 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| College or higher education (%) |
9.8 | 12.4 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 15.9 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 9.4 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 18.5 | 17.5 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 18.7 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 21.6 | 20.5 | 19.1 | 19.0 | 20.1 | <0.01 | 0.04 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 5.0 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 7.8 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 4.4 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| History of liver diseases (%) | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 7.2 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.0 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
a ± SD (all such values).
bDefined as regular exercise >1 h per week.
cPercentage of subjects reported to sleep 7–8 h per day.
dPercentage of subjects reported to consume green-leafy vegetable almost everyday.
eDefined as participation in health checkups in the preceding year.