. 2015 Jan 5;25(1):66–73. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20140081

Table 2. Hazard ratios for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality by milk intake frequency, 1988–2009, JACC study.

	Men (n = 39 639)						Women (n = 55 341)

	Never	1–2 times/month	1–2 times/week	3–4 times/week	Almost everyday	Trend P	Never	1–2 times/month	1–2 times/week	3–4 times/week	Almost everyday	Trend P
Person-years	136 234	56 739	97 564	92 621	254 225		174 369	60 289	129 819	140 478	421 483
All-cause mortality
Number of deaths	2813	951	1669	1547	5223		2137	594	1215	1206	4420
Age-adjusted mortality rate^a	16.4	14.6	14.7	14.5	14.4		7.2	6.7	6.9	6.4	6.5
Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)^b	1	0.89 (0.82–0.95)	0.88 (0.83–0.94)	0.85 (0.79–0.90)	0.86 (0.83–0.91)	<0.01	1	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.95 (0.89–1.02)	0.88 (0.82–0.95)	0.91 (0.87–0.96)	<0.01
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)^c	1	0.92 (0.86–0.99)	0.91 (0.85–0.96)	0.89 (0.84–0.96)	0.93 (0.89–0.98)	0.09	1	1.00 (0.91–1.05)	0.98 (0.91–1.05)	0.91 (0.85–0.98)	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.15
Cardiovascular mortality
Number of deaths	733	272	423	406	1356		695	210	402	359	1419
Age-adjusted mortality rate^a	3.8	3.7	3.4	3.4	3.2		1.8	1.8	1.8	1.6	1.6
Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)^b	1	0.97 (0.85–1.12)	0.86 (0.77–0.97)	0.86 (0.76–0.97)	0.84 (0.77–0.92)	<0.01	1	1.09 (0.94–1.27)	1.01 (0.89–1.14)	0.85 (0.75–0.97)	0.92 (0.84–1.02)	0.01
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)^c	1	0.98 (0.85–1.13)	0.86 (0.77–0.98)	0.89 (0.79–1.01)	0.89 (0.82–0.98)	0.06	1	1.14 (0.98–1.33)	1.03 (0.91–1.17)	0.88 (0.78–1.01)	0.99 (0.89–1.08)	0.32
Cancer mortality
Number of deaths	1118	356	659	576	1994		624	159	373	407	1422
Age-adjusted mortality rate^a	7.3	6.0	6.4	5.9	6.3		2.9	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.8
Age-adjusted HR (95% CI)^b	1	0.84 (0.74–0.94)	0.88 (0.80–0.98)	0.79 (0.72–0.88)	0.86 (0.79–0.93)	<0.01	1	0.83 (0.70–0.99)	0.93 (0.82–1.06)	0.93 (0.82–1.06)	0.97 (0.88–1.06)	0.73
Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)^c	1	0.88 (0.78–0.99)	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.85 (0.76–0.94)	0.94 (0.87–1.01)	0.56	1	0.85 (0.72–1.02)	0.95 (0.83–1.08)	0.95 (0.84–1.08)	1.00 (0.91–1.11)	0.28

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

^aAge-adjusted mortality was calculated using Poisson regression model and expressed as rate per 1000 person-years.

^bAge-adjusted HR: adjusted for age categories (5-year age groups).

^cMultivariable-adjusted HR: adjusted for age categories, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, sleeping duration, body mass index, education level, participation in health checkups, green-leafy vegetable intake, and history of hypertension, diabetes, and liver disease.