Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality by milk intake frequency, stratified by age, 1988–2009, JACC study.
| Men (n = 39 639) | Women (n = 55 341) | |||||||||||
| Never | 1–2 times/month |
1–2 times/week |
3–4 times/week |
Almost everyday |
Trend P | Never | 1–2 times/month |
1–2 times/week |
3–4 times/week |
Almost everyday |
Trend P | |
| Person-years | ||||||||||||
| Age 40–64 years at baseline | 112 528 | 48 023 | 81 867 | 78 349 | 200 197 | 133 281 | 48 339 | 107 514 | 116 059 | 325 453 | ||
| Age 65–79 years at baseline | 23 706 | 8716 | 15 6978 | 14 273 | 54 028 | 41 089 | 11 951 | 22 305 | 24 419 | 96 030 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||||||
| Age 40–64 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 1473 | 518 | 892 | 851 | 2506 | 767 | 219 | 531 | 540 | 1714 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 10.9 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) |
0.93 (0.86–1.01) |
0.93 (0.86–1.02) |
0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
0.76 | 1 | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) |
0.97 (0.87–1.09) |
0.89 (0.81–1.01) |
0.95 (0.87–1.04) |
0.55 |
| Age 65–79 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 1340 | 433 | 777 | 696 | 2717 | 1370 | 375 | 684 | 666 | 2706 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 57.1 | 49.9 | 51.2 | 50.1 | 49.1 | 29.7 | 29.6 | 29.1 | 26.9 | 27.0 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) |
0.88 (0.80–0.96) |
0.85 (0.78–0.93) |
0.88 (0.83–0.94) |
0.02 | 1 | 1.07 (0.96–1.21) |
0.97 (0.89–1.07) |
0.91 (0.83–1.00) |
0.97 (0.90–1.03) |
0.17 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||||||
| Age 40–64 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 351 | 122 | 183 | 201 | 551 | 195 | 61 | 137 | 132 | 433 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 2.5 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.99 | 1.0 | 0.93 | 0.95 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 0.97 (0.78–1.19) |
0.81 (0.67–0.96) |
0.93 (0.78–1.10) |
0.88 (0.77–1.00) |
0.19 | 1 | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) |
1.00 (0.81–1.26) |
0.89 (0.71–1.11) |
0.96 (0.81–1.14) |
0.59 |
| Age 65–79 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 382 | 150 | 240 | 205 | 805 | 500 | 149 | 265 | 227 | 986 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 16.2 | 17.2 | 15.8 | 14.7 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 9.0 | 9.6 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) |
0.92 (0.78–1.08) |
0.87 (0.73–1.03) |
0.91 (0.81–1.03) |
0.16 | 1 | 1.20 (0.99–1.45) |
1.04 (0.90–1.21) |
0.87 (0.74–1.02) |
0.99 (0.89–1.11) |
0.36 |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||||||||
| Age 40–64 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 682 | 228 | 428 | 385 | 1132 | 328 | 84 | 233 | 244 | 760 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) |
0.96 (0.85–1.09) |
0.91 (0.81–1.04) |
0.96 (0.88–1.06) |
0.67 | 1 | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) |
0.98 (0.83–1.17) |
0.93 (0.79–1.10) |
0.99 (0.87–1.13) |
0.55 |
| Age 65–79 years at baseline | ||||||||||||
| Number of deaths | 436 | 128 | 231 | 191 | 862 | 296 | 75 | 140 | 163 | 662 | ||
| Age-adjusted mortality ratea | 18.7 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 13.8 | 15.9 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.9 | ||
| Multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI)b |
1 | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) |
0.81 (0.68–0.95) |
0.73 (0.62–0.87) |
0.88 (0.79–0.99) |
0.60 | 1 | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) |
0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
0.97 (0.80–1.17) |
1.02 (0.89–1.17) |
0.37 |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
aAge-adjusted mortality was calculated using Poisson regression model and expressed as rate per 1000 person-years.
bMultivariable-adjusted HR: adjusted for age categories, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, sleeping duration, body mass index, education level, participation in health checkups, green-leafy vegetable intake, and history of hypertension, diabetes, and liver disease.