Table 3.

Appraisal of risk of bias of the included studies using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool¹²

Study	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Fonseca et al25	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	High
Gilman*26	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	High	Unclear	High
Abdulwahid*27	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear
Lukashevich*28	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Unclear
Makdissi et al29	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low
Moses et al*30	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	High	Unclear	Unclear
Nogueira*31	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Unclear	Unclear
Violante et al32	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	High	Low	High
Owens et al33	Unclear	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	High
Hermansen et al34	Low	Low	Low	Low	High	Unclear	High

Items:

1. Random sequence generation.

2. Allocation concealment.

3. Blinding of participants and personnel.

4. Blinding of outcome assessment.

5. Incomplete outcome data.

6. Selective reporting.

7. Other bias.

*Unpublished data.

High, high risk; Low, low risk; Unclear, unclear risk.