Table 2.
Patient and EMS characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of non-cardiac origin according to the cause
| Total |
External causes |
Respiratory diseases |
Malignant tumors |
Strokes |
Others |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=14 164) |
(n=8239) |
(n=1448) |
(n=1309) |
(n=1114) |
(n=2054) |
p Value* | |||||||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 66.8 | (19.0) | 63.5 | (20.5) | 76.1 | (14.2) | 71.9 | (12.0) | 67.7 | (14.7) | 69.8 | (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Age group, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Adults aged 20–64 years | 5513 | (38.9) | 3826 | (46.4) | 229 | (15.8) | 345 | (26.4) | 447 | (40.1) | 666 | (32.4) | |
| Elderly aged ≥65 years | 8651 | (61.1) | 4413 | (53.6) | 1219 | (84.2) | 964 | (73.6) | 667 | (59.9) | 1388 | (67.6) | |
| Men, n (%) | 8215 | (58.0) | 4789 | (58.1) | 844 | (58.3) | 881 | (67.3) | 559 | (50.2) | 1142 | (55.6) | <0.001 |
| Arrests witnessed by bystanders, n (%) | 5561 | (39.3) | 2952 | (35.8) | 682 | (47.1) | 639 | (48.8) | 493 | (44.3) | 795 | (38.7) | <0.001 |
| Normal activities of daily living, n (%) | 8522 | (60.2) | 5213 | (63.3) | 653 | (45.1) | 443 | (33.8) | 896 | (80.4) | 1317 | (64.1) | <0.001 |
| First documented rhythm, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| VF | 324 | (2.3) | 119 | (1.4) | 35 | (2.4) | 26 | (2.0) | 69 | (6.2) | 75 | (3.7) | |
| PEA | 3356 | (23.7) | 1853 | (22.5) | 394 | (27.2) | 262 | (20.0) | 329 | (29.5) | 518 | (25.2) | |
| Asystole | 10 196 | (72.0) | 6124 | (74.3) | 983 | (67.9) | 1008 | (77.0) | 647 | (58.1) | 1434 | (69.8) | |
| Others | 288 | (2.0) | 143 | (1.7) | 36 | (2.5) | 13 | (1.0) | 69 | (6.2) | 27 | (1.3) | |
| Location of arrest, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Homes | 9010 | (63.6) | 4435 | (53.8) | 1098 | (75.8) | 1217 | (93.0) | 801 | (71.9) | 1459 | (71.0) | |
| Public places | 2035 | (14.4) | 1608 | (19.5) | 59 | (4.1) | 24 | (1.8) | 156 | (14.0) | 188 | (9.2) | |
| Work places | 346 | (2.4) | 223 | (2.7) | 7 | (0.5) | 4 | (0.3) | 48 | (4.3) | 64 | (3.1) | |
| Healthcare facilities | 1505 | (10.6) | 904 | (11.0) | 248 | (17.1) | 55 | (4.2) | 63 | (5.7) | 235 | (11.4) | |
| Others | 1268 | (9.0) | 1069 | (13.0) | 36 | (2.5) | 9 | (0.7) | 46 | (4.1) | 108 | (5.3) | |
| Public-access AED use, n (%) | 13 | (0.1) | 4 | (0.05) | 2 | (0.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 5 | (0.4) | 2 | (0.1) | 0.001 |
| Type of bystander CPR, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No CPR | 9023 | (63.7) | 5383 | (65.3) | 836 | (57.7) | 889 | (67.9) | 633 | (56.8) | 1282 | (62.4) | |
| Chest compression-only CPR | 3288 | (23.2) | 1811 | (22.0) | 408 | (28.2) | 297 | (22.7) | 283 | (25.4) | 489 | (23.8) | |
| Conventional CPR with rescue breathing | 1853 | (13.1) | 1045 | (12.7) | 204 | (14.1) | 123 | (9.4) | 198 | (17.8) | 283 | (13.8) | |
| Intravascular fluid, n (%) | 2320 | (16.4) | 1458 | (17.7) | 202 | (14.0) | 113 | (8.6) | 230 | (20.6) | 317 | (15.4) | <0.001 |
| Intubation, n (%) | 2639 | (18.6) | 1364 | (16.6) | 338 | (23.3) | 242 | (18.5) | 257 | (23.1) | 438 | (21.3) | <0.001 |
| Epinephrine, n (%) | 987 | (7.0) | 572 | (6.9) | 88 | (6.1) | 49 | (3.7) | 125 | (11.2) | 153 | (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Call to contact with a patient by EMS (EMS response time), min, mean (SD) | 7.9 | (4.1) | 8.0 | (4.6) | 7.7 | (3.0) | 7.7 | (2.7) | 7.7 | (2.8) | 7.9 | (3.8) | 0.003 |
| Call to CPR by EMS, min, mean (SD) | 8.5 | (4.5) | 8.8 | (5.1) | 8.1 | (3.1) | 8.1 | (2.8) | 8.2 | (2.9) | 8.4 | (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Call to hospital arrival, min, mean (SD) | 28.2 | (8.6) | 28.4 | (8.6) | 27.3 | (8.2) | 28.0 | (8.9) | 28.2 | (8.4) | 28.1 | (8.7) | 0.001 |
Data on the times from call to contact with a patient, CPR by EMS and hospital arrival were missing for 33, 40 and 166 victims, respectively.
*p Values are calculated to test the homogeneity among the five cause groups.
AED, automated external defibrillator; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, Emergency Medical Services; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; VF, ventricular fibrillation.