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. 2014 Sep 5;43(6):1781–1790. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu187

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Directed acyclic graphs encoding a) the standard Mendelian randomization assumptions: (i) G is associated with X, (ii) G is not associated with confounders U of the X-Y association, and (iii) G affects Y only via its association with X; (b) how these assumptions are affected by the discretization of X in the proposed non-linear Mendelian randomization approach.