Table 1a.
Summary of articles published on the effectiveness of community-based control strategies aimed at reducing human cysticercosis, taeniasis or neurocysticercosis or at improving knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP).
| Country [reference] |
Years of study |
Study design | Duration of follow-up |
Sample sizes (at the unit of the intervention and at the subject level pre and post intervention) |
Control Strategy | Randomization /control group (treatment) |
Measurement of outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mexico [10] | 1988-89 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
12 months | 1 village Stools: Pre: 302; post: 283 Sera: Pre: 335; Post: 278 |
Praziquantel *MDA (10 mg/kg; coverage of 71%) |
No / No | Taeniasis : coproscopy on 3 stools from 3 days with Faust, Ritchie and Martin and Beaner methods. Cysticercosis : §AbELISA |
| Mexico [11] | 1991-96 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
6 and 42 months |
1 village Stools: pre: 1865; 6 mo: 1311; 42 mo: 605 Sera: Pre: 1603; 6 mo 1360; 42 mo: 272 sera “Individual” analysis with 304 stools and 112 sera with 2 or 3 samples |
Praziquantel MDA (5mg/kg; coverage of 87%) |
No / No | Taeniasis: combined coproantigen- and coproscopy Cysticercosis: ¶EITB assay |
| Guatemala [12] |
1994-96 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
10 months | 2 villages Stools: pre: 1582; post: 1116 |
Niclosamide MDA (2g for >= 6 years old, 1 g for < 6 years old; coverage 74.9%) |
No / No | Taeniasis: copro-antigen (Allan et al., 1990) and coproscopy |
| Mexico [13] | 1992-93 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
6 months | 1 village Stools: pre : 1404; post : 792 ¶KAP : pre and post : 146 (out of 200 at pre) |
Education (6 months): (poster, pamphlet, two videos) |
No / No | Taeniasis: copro-antigen ¥ KAP: questionnaires |
| Kenya [14] | 2006-08 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
3 and 10 months (some at 15 months) |
2 districts and 4 divisions in Western Kenya (number of farmers: Pre: 282, 3 months: 276; 10 months: 236) |
Educational workshops ( 1 day) using a train the trainer approach |
No / No | KAP: questionnaire to farmers |
| Tanzania [9] | 2002- 2004 |
Community- based randomized controlled trial |
10 to 12 months |
42 villages in one district (21 intervention and 21 control villages) |
PRECEDE-PROCEED to develop educational package for farmers |
Yes / Yes(No education) |
KAP: questionnaire to farmers |
| Ecuador [21] | 1986-87 | Pre-post prevalence comparison |
12 months | Part of one canton Stools: pre n=2761; post n=739 (420 with Kato-Katz) |
Education (radio, poster, leaflet) and praziquantel (5 mg/kg; 76% coverage) |
No / No | Taeniasis: Report of expulsion of tapeworm and Kato-Katz at follow-up |
| Honduras [15] |
1997- 2005 |
Pre post proportion comparison |
6 years | Salamá County (18 villages and towns) 1997 : 90 1997-2005 : 36 |
Education and media campaign (1999), training in pig management practices for farmers (1999), construction of water projects and sewage disposal facilities (2001), construction of a child clinic (2002), MDA of albendazole (400 mg) to schoolchildren every 6 months (1999), taeniasis surveillance and treatment of cases with niclosamide (2001) |
No / No | Epilepsy: combination of positive screen to a house-to- house survey (1997 to 2005) and medical records or informant identification. All suspected cases confirmed by an epileptologist Active epilepsy: seizures in the past 5 years Neurocysticercosis (NCC): brain tomography |
*
MDA: Mass drug administration
§
AbELISA : Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies to T. solium
¶
EITB: Enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay to detect antibodies to T. solium
¥
KAP: Knowledge, attitudes and practices