Table 1.
Rates of Psychotropic Medication Reported by Borderline Patients and Axis II Comparison Subjects over 16 Years of Prospective Follow-up
| BL | 2 YR FU | 4 YR FU | 6 YR FU | 8 YR FU | 10 YR FU | 12 YR FU | 14 YR FU | 16 YR FU | RRR Diagnosis Time (0-8) Time (8-16) | 95%CI Diagnosis Time (0-8) Time (8-16) | P-value Diagnosis Time (0-8) Time (8-16) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Antidepressant | ||||||||||||
| BPD1 | 79.7 (231) | 82.6 (227) | 62.8 (169) | 66.7 (176) | 63.5 (162) | 64.7 (161) | 68.0 (166) | 61.3 (146) | 58.4 (135) | 1.32 0.76 0.98 |
1.12, 1.54 0.69, 0.84 0.90, 1.08 |
0.001 <0.001 NS |
| OPD2 | 56.9 (41) | 73.1 (49) | 39.1 (25) | 46.0 (29) | 41.9 (26) | 45.9 (28) | 50.0 (30) | 45.8 (27) | 51.7 (30) | |||
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 67.9 (197) | 64.7 (178) | 43.5 (117) | 50.4 (133) | 45.5 (116) | 47.4 (118) | 48.8 (119) | 38.7 (92) | 35.5 (82) | 1.38 0.67 0.85 |
1.13, 1.68 0.59, 0.77 0.73, 0.99 |
0.001 <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 37.5 (27) | 58.2 (39) | 28.1 (18) | 34.9 (22) | 35.5 (22) | 37.7 (23) | 36.7 (22) | 28.8 (17) | 34.5 (20) | |||
| Tricyclic Antidepressant | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 51.4 (149) | 19.6 (54) | 11.2 (30) | 10.6 (28) | 7.1 (18) | 5.6 (14) | 5.7 (14) | 5.0 (12) | 6.1 (14) | 1.56 0.08 1.31 |
1.08, 2.27 0.05, 0.13 0.77, 2.22 |
NS <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 31.9 (23) | 11.9 (8) | 4.7 (3) | 6.4 (4) | 1.6 (1) | 1.6 (1) | 3.3 (2) | 3.4 (2) | 3.5 (2) | |||
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 11.0 (32) | 4.7 (13) | 1.9 (5) | 0.0 (0) | 0.8 (2) | 0.8 (2) | 0.4 (1) | 1.3 (3) | 0.4 (1) | 1.89 0.04 1.61 |
0.73, 4.88 0.01, 0.11 0.28, 9.35 |
NS <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 2.8 (2) | 3.0 (2) | 4.7 (3) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | |||
| Atypical Antidepressant | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 31.7 (92) | 39.3 (108) | 31.2 (84) | 34.1 (90) | 32.6 (83) | 28.9 (72) | 32.0 (78) | 33.2 (79) | 32.5 (75) | 1.70 0.91 1.06 |
1.20, 2.41 0.76, 1.10 0.88, 1.28 |
0.003 NS NS |
| OPD | 11.1 (8) | 26.9 (18) | 14.1 (9) | 14.3 (9) | 16.1 (10) | 14.8 (9) | 23.3 (14) | 23.7 (14) | 22.4 (13) | |||
| Any Anxiolytic | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 46.6 (135) | 37.1 (102) | 29.0 (78) | 28.4 (75) | 28.6 (73) | 25.7 (64) | 23.8 (58) | 26.9 (64) | 26.0 (60) | 2.57 0.56 1.05 |
1.72, 3.86 0.46, 0.68 0.86, 1.30 |
<0.001 <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 15.3 (11) | 19.4 (13) | 9.4 (6) | 11.1 (7) | 4.8 (3) | 11.5 (7) | 11.7 (7) | 11.9 (7) | 8.6 (5) | |||
| Benzodiazepine | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 43.1 (125) | 31.3 (86) | 24.9 (67) | 22.0 (58) | 23.9 (61) | 22.9 (57) | 22.1 (54) | 24.4 (58) | 24.7 (57) | 2.66 0.50 1.26 |
1.66, 4.28 0.40, 0.62 1.00, 1.57 |
<0.001 <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 13.9 (10) | 16.4 (11) | 6.3 (4) | 7.9 (5) | 4.8 (3) | 8.2 (5) | 8.3 (5) | 10.2 (6) | 6.9 (4) | |||
| Nonbenzodiazepine | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 16.9 (49) | 11.6 (32) | 11.5 (31) | 10.2 (27) | 8.2 (21) | 5.6 (14) | 3.3 (8) | 4.6 (11) | 2.2 (5) | 3.99 0.51 0.34 |
2.03, 7.85 0.34, 0.76 0.18, 0.65 |
<0.001 0.001 0.001 |
| OPD | 1.4 (1) | 6.0 (4) | 3.1 (2) | 3.2 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 3.3 (2) | 3.3 (2) | 1.7 (1) | 1.7 (1) | |||
| Any Antipsychotic | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 38.6 (112) | 28.7 (79) | 23.1 (62) | 27.3 (72) | 28.6 (73) | 27.7 (69) | 26.2 (64) | 30.7 (73) | 28.1 (65) | 2.61 0.74 1.20 |
1.64, 4.19 0.60, 0.91 0.99, 1.45 |
<0.001 NS NS |
| OPD | 12.5 (9) | 11.9 (8) | 9.4 (6) | 7.9 (5) | 6.5 (4) | 9.8 (6) | 18.3 (11) | 13.6 (8) | 13.8 (8) | |||
| Conventional Antipsychotic | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 37.6 (109) | 21.1 (58) | 13.0 (35) | 12.9 (34) | 18.4 (47) | 17.3 (43) | 9.8 (24) | 3.4 (8) | 3.5 (8) | 3.28 0.45 0.32 |
1.85, 5.80 0.34, 0.59 0.20, 0.49 |
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
| OPD | 11.1 (8) | 9.0 (6) | 4.7 (3) | 3.2 (2) | 1.6 (1) | 3.3 (2) | 3.3 (2) | 1.7 (1) | 0.0 (0) | |||
| Atypical Antipsychotic | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 6.2 (18) | 11.3 (31) | 12.6 (34) | 16.3 (43) | 14.9 (38) | 16.5 (41) | 21.3 (52) | 28.2 (67) | 26.4 (61) | 2.14 1.98 1.77 |
1.16, 3.95 1.36, 2.87 1.40, 2.25 |
NS <0.001 <0.001 |
| OPD | 2.8 (2) | 4.5 (3) | 4.7 (3) | 4.8 (3) | 4.8 (3) | 8.2 (5) | 15.0 (9) | 11.9 (7) | 13.8 (8) | |||
| Any Mood Stabilizer | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 35.9 (104) | 30.2 (83) | 23.4 (63) | 22.0 (58) | 28.2 (72) | 29.3 (73) | 28.3 (69) | 28.2 (67) | 29.0 (67) | 2.88 0.73 1.25 |
1.87, 4.44 0.59, 0.91 1.01, 1.54 |
<0.001 NS NS |
| OPD | 11.1 (8) | 16.4 (11) | 7.8 (5) | 6.4 (4) | 6.5 (4) | 8.2 (5) | 8.3 (5) | 10.2 (6) | 13.8 (8) | |||
| Anticonvulsant | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 22.1 (64) | 22.2 (61) | 21.6 (58) | 18.2 (48) | 25.9 (66) | 28.5 (71) | 25.0 (61) | 26.5 (63) | 28.1 (65) | 3.17 1.14 1.21 |
1.86, 5.39 0.87, 1.49 0.97, 1.52 |
<0.001 NS NS |
| OPD | 2.8 (2) | 9.0 (6) | 7.8 (5) | 4.8 (3) | 4.8 (3) | 6.6 (4) | 8.3 (5) | 10.2 (6) | 13.8 (8) | |||
| Lithium | ||||||||||||
| BPD | 25.9 (75) | 12.0 (33) | 5.6 (15) | 4.9 (13) | 4.3 (11) | 2.8 (7) | 6.2 (15) | 4.2 (10) | 3.9 (9) | 2.97 0.13 1.54 |
1.63, 5.43 0.07, 0.24 0.71, 3.34 |
<0.001 <0.001 NS |
| OPD | 8.3 (6) | 7.5 (5) | 0.0 (0) | 1.6 (1) | 1.6 (1) | 3.3 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | |||
1
borderline personality disorder
2
other personality disorder