Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants (N = 410)
| Baseline | 9-year Follow-up | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or N | SD or % | Mean or N | SD or % | |
| Demographic & Medical Factors (units/range) | ||||
| Age (years) | 56.2 | 4.4 | -- | -- |
| Women | 268 | 65.4 | -- | -- |
| Education (years) | 12.4 | 3.0 | ||
| Income | ||||
| $10,000 or less | 37 | 10.5 | ||
| $10,000–$25,000 | 95 | 26.9 | ||
| $25,000–$35,000 | 62 | 17.6 | ||
| $35,000–$50,000 | 68 | 19.3 | ||
| $50,000–$75,000 | 63 | 17.8 | ||
| $75,000 or greater | 28 | 7.9 | ||
| Hypertension | 201 | 56.9 | ||
| Cardiovascular Diseasea | 48 | 13.6 | ||
| Diabetes | 59 | 16.7 | ||
| Cancer | 17 | 4.8 | ||
| Kidney Disease | 5 | 1.4 | ||
| Basic ADLs (0–7) | 0.4 | 1.1 | ||
| Instrumental ADLs (0–8) | 0.4 | 1.2 | ||
| Lower Body Functional Limitations (0–5) | 1.1 | 1.5 | ||
| Depressive Symptoms (range) | ||||
| CES-D (0–33) | 5.0 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.4 |
| CES-D score ≥ 16 | 26 | 6.3 | 26 | 6.3 |
| Adiposity Indicators (units) | ||||
| Body Fat Percent (%) | 36.9 | 10.2 | 36.2 | 10.3 |
| Body Mass Index; BMI (kg/m2) | 31.0 | 6.3 | 31.5 | 6.6 |
| Normal Weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 66 | 16.1 | 56 | 13.7 |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) | 123 | 30.3 | 126 | 30.7 |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 218 | 53.2 | 225 | 54.9 |
| 9-Year Change | ||||
| CES-D Change | -- | -- | 0.0 | 5.1 |
| Body Fat Percent Change | -- | -- | −0.7 | 7.0 |
| Body Mass Index Change | -- | -- | 0.5* | 3.5 |
Note. ADL = Activities of daily living. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
a
Participants with coronary artery disease, angina, stroke, or congestive heart failure were coded as having cardiovascular disease.
*
p < .05 for paired-samples t test comparing baseline scores to 9-year follow-up scores.