TABLE 2.
Health Care Coverage and Barriers to Health Care and Substance Abuse Services Reported by Participants Assigned to the Intervention (Patient Navigation [PN]) and Control Groups at Baseline, Three Months and Six Months (CICP=Colorado Indigent Care Program)
| Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PN (N=20) |
Control (N=20) |
PN (N=10) |
Control (N=11) |
PN (N=8) |
Control (N=10) |
|
| Health care coverage, n (%) | ||||||
| None | 18 (90%) | 17 (89%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (10%)b |
| CICP | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 10 (100%) | 6 (55%) | 7 (88%) | 5 (50%) |
| VA/Tri care | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (13%) | 2 (20%) |
| Private | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Medicaid and/or Medicare | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (27%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (20%) |
| Trouble getting medication, n (%) | ||||||
| No trouble/A little | 5 (25%) | 4 (20%) | 4 (40%) | 3 (27%) | 5 (63%) | 5 (50%) |
| A lot | 0 (0%) | 3 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Not able to get | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| N/A or missing | 14 (70%) | 12 (60%) | 6 (60%) | 7 (64%) | 3 (38%) | 5 (50%) |
| Reported any barriers to health care, n (%) | 20 (100%) | 20 (100%) | 7 (70%) | 11 (100%)*b | 4 (50%) | 6 (60%)b |
| Mean number of barriers to health care (SD) | 3.9 (1.8) | 3.9 (2.2) | 2.6 (2.6) | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.4 (3.2) | 2.9 (3.2) |
| Change, mean (SD)a | −1.8 (2.7) | −1.5 (2.4) | −2.0 (2.9) | −0.5 (3.2) | ||
| Specific barriers to health care, n (%) | ||||||
| Money | 19 (95%) | 19 (95%)b | 5 (50%) | 9 (82%)b | 3 (38%) | 5 (50%)b |
| Insurance | 14 (70%) | 17 (89%)b | 3 (30%) | 4 (36%)b | 3 (38%) | 5 (50%)b |
| Transportation | 12 (60%) | 10 (50%) | 6 (60%) | 4 (36%)b | 3 (38%) | 4 (40%)b |
| Knowledge | 9 (45%) | 8 (40%) | 2 (20%) | 1 (9%)b | 1 (13%) | 2 (20%)b |
| Too many classes | 8 (40%) | 6 (30%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%)b | 3 38%) | 3 (30%)b |
| Time | 5 (25%) | 3 (15%)b | 3 (30%) | 1 (9%)b | 1 (13%) | 3 (30%)b |
| Low priority | 5 (25%) | 2 (10%)b | 2 (20%) | 2 (18%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (10%)b |
| Job | 3 (15%) | 3 (16%)b | 4 (40%) | 2 (18%)b | 3 (38%) | 4 (40%)b |
| Childcare | 2 (10%) | 4 (20%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (10%)b |
| Bad experiences | 0 (0%) | 2 (10%)b | 1 (10%) | 2 (18%)b | 1 (13%) | 0 (0%)b |
| Poor treatment | 0 (0%) | 2 (10%)b | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (13%) | 0 (0%)b |
| Reported any barriers to substance abuse services, n (%) | 16 (80%) | 16 (84%)b | 7 (70%) | 11 (100%)*b | 5 (71%) | 7 (70%)b |
| Mean number of barriers to substance abuse services (SD) | 2.6 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.7) | 2.3 (2.7) | 3.1 (2.8) | 2.7 (3.0) | 3.6 (3.3) |
| Change, mean (SD)a | −1.1 (2.4) | −0.9 (3.0) | −0.7 (3.9) | −0.3 (3.7) | ||
| Specific barriers to substance abuse services, n (%) | ||||||
| Money | 9 (45%) | 14 (74%)* | 4 (40%) | 6 (55%) | 2 (25%) | 7 (70%)b |
| Insurance | 8 (40%) | 11 (58%) | 3 (30%) | 3 (27%)b | 3 (43%) | 5 (50%)b |
| Transportation | 9 (45%) | 9 (45%) | 4 (40%) | 3 (27%)b | 3 (38%) | 5 (50%)b |
| Knowledge | 5 (25%) | 7 (35%) | 2 (20%) | 3 (30%)b | 0 (0%) | 2 (20%)b |
| Too many classes | 6 (30%) | 7 (35%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%)b | 2 (25%) | 4 (40%)b |
| Time | 3 (15%) | 4 (20%) | 3 (30%) | 3 (27%)b | 1 (13%) | 3 (30%)b |
| Low priority | 6 (30%) | 8 (40%) | 3 (30%) | 4 (36%)b | 3 (38%) | 2 (20%)b |
| Job | 3 (15%) | 3 (15%)b | 2 (20%) | 1 (9%)b | 3 (38%) | 4 (40%)b |
| Childcare | 1 (5%) | 1 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%)b | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Bad experiences | 1 (5%) | 4 (20%)b | 2 (20%) | 3 (27%)b | 1 (13%) | 1 (10%)b |
| Poor treatment | 0 (0%) | 3 (15%)b | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%)b | 1 (13%) | 0 (0%)b |
Note.
*
p<0.1;
Percentages were calculated based on non-missing cases. Percentage may not total 100% due to rounding.
a
Changes from baseline were compared. Wilcoxon tests for continuous variables, and chi-square tests for categorical variables were used, except
b
Fisher’s exact test
c
Mantel-Haenszel test