Table 1.

miRNAs implicated in regulating components of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

GSIS Process	miRNA–mRNA Interactions 1	Model System 2	Ref.
Glucose or fuel uptake and glucose metabolism	miR-29 a/b, miR-124 --| Mct1	MIN6	[59]
	miR-195-5p --| Glut3	T24	[56]
	miR-143/145 --| HK2	293T, RCC	[62,63]
Membrane depolarization and Ca2+ influx	miR-124a2 → Kcnj11, Abcc8	MIN6	[46]
	miR-145 → Cacna1c	mouse smooth muscle	[64]
	miR-103 --| Cacna1c/2d1, Cacnb1	COS-7, rat neurons	[65]
	miR-328 --| Cacna1c, Cacnb1	HEK293, atrial tissues rat, mouse, dog	[66]
Exocytotic process	miR-375 --| Mtpn	MIN6	[67]
	miR-7a --| Snca, Cspa, Cplx1	MIN6, mouse islets	[68]
	miR-335 --| Stxbp1	INS-1 832/13	[35]
	miR-9 → Slp4	MIN6	[69]
	miR-29a/b/c → Slp4	MIN6, mouse islets	[70]
	miR-124a → Snap25, Stx1a, Rab3A	MIN6B1	[71]
	miR-96 → Slp4	MIN6B1	[71]
	miR-124a --| Rab27A	MIN6B1	[71]
	miR-124a, miR-96 -?-| Noc2	MIN6B1	[71]
	miR-34a --| Vamp-2	MIN6B1	[72]
	miR-29a --| Stx1a	INS-1E	[73]
Insulin gene regulation 3	miR-30d --| Map4k4	MIN6	[74]
	miR-15a --| Ucp2	MIN6	[75]
	miR-375 --| PDK1	INS-1E	[76]
	miR-24, miR-148a --| Sox6	mouse islets	[37]
	miR-182 --| Bhlhe22	mouse islets	[37]

¹ Direct negative regulatory targeting denoted by miRNA --| mRNA; indirect targeting with positive effect, miRNA → mRNA; indirect targeting with negative effect, miRNA -?-| mRNA. Interactions are experimentally validated by reporter assays, and/or modulation of miRNA levels. Gene nomenclature according to HGNC guidelines, e.g., human gene: MTPN, ortholog rodent gene: Mtpn [77]. In some studies, rodent cell lines have been used to validate miRNA targeting of human gene 3'UTR in plasmid vectors. ² Included also are studies on non-beta cell model systems where miRNA-dependent regulation of known components of GSIS has been demonstrated. ³ Insulin gene regulation is not a process of GSIS per se but an important factor in determining the amount of insulin available for subsequent release.