Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants by vitamin D concentration.
| Variables | Men (n = 505) | Women (n = 1123) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <50 (n = 264, 52.3%) | 50–75 (n = 184, 36.4%) | ≥75 (n = 57, 11.3%) | p for Trend | <50 (n = 771, 68.7%) | 50–75 (n = 280, 24.9%) | ≥75 (n = 72, 6.4%) | p for Trend | |
| Age, year | 72.7 ± 4.8 | 72.9 ± 4.7 | 72.8 ± 5.7 | 0.937 | 71.5 ± 4.7 | 71.2 ± 4.5 | 71.6 ± 4.9 | 0.907 |
| Height, cm | 164.4 ± 5.4 | 165.0 ± 5.2 | 163.9 ± 6.1 | 0.517 | 152.2 ± 5.6 | 152.2 ± 5.8 | 152.5 ± 4.8 | 0.625 |
| Weight, kg | 64.8 ± 8.4 | 64.4 ± 9.5 | 61.8 ± 9.1 | 0.021 | 56.8 ± 8.2 | 55.4 ± 7.6 | 54.3 ± 7.2 | 0.012 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 2.8 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 22.9 ± 2.6 | 0.014 | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 2.8 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 86.3 ± 8.4 | 85.5 ± 8.8 | 83.3 ± 8.5 | 0.017 | 83.2 ± 8.8 | 81.9 ± 8.4 | 79.9 ± 7.6 | 0.002 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 129.1 ± 15.9 | 130.2 ± 13.1 | 129.2 ± 11.3 | 0.978 | 127.7 ± 16.1 | 127.2 ± 14.6 | 125.7 ± 15.7 | 0.316 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74.0 ± 9.4 | 74.1 ± 8.1 | 74.3 ± 8.5 | 0.867 | 72.8 ± 9.0 | 72.7 ± 8.1 | 71.8 ± 7.4 | 0.350 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.63 ± 0.83 | 4.48 ± 0.82 | 4.35 ± 0.71 | 0.019 | 5.04 ± 0.92 | 4.82 ± 0.93 | 4.56 ± 0.83 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 1.25 ± 0.29 | 1.32 ± 0.33 | 0.038 | 1.35 ± 0.34 | 1.38 ± 0.33 | 1.34 ± 0.32 | 0.688 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.72 ± 0.76 | 2.61 ± 0.72 | 2.47 ± 0.66 | 0.019 | 2.99 ± 0.82 | 2.81 ± 0.81 | 2.62 ± 0.71 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 116 [84–161] | 103 [79–152] | 102 [90–123] | 0.021 | 120 [90–165] | 113 [82–152] | 102 [76–140] | 0.014 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 91 [86–99] | 91 [86–98] | 92 [87–98] | 0.596 | 91 [86–98] | 90 [85–95] | 90 [86–97] | 0.471 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 5.3 [3.7–7.9] | 4.7 [3.2–7.1] | 3.5 [2.5–5.1] | <0.001 | 6.2 [4.3–9.2] | 5.2 [3.7–8.4] | 5.5 [4.2–7.6] | 0.059 |
| HOMA-IR, mmol·pmol/L2 | 1.20 [0.80–1.88] | 1.04 [0.71–1.66] | 0.83 [0.56–1.30] | <0.001 | 1.41 [0.97–2.16] | 1.20 [0.79–1.93] | 1.24 [0.92–1.80] | 0.060 |
| HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5, n (%) | 36 (13.6) | 19 (10.3) | 1 (1.8) | 0.013 * | 140 (18.2) | 42 (15.0) | 8 (11.1) | 0.070 * |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 44 (16.7) | 29 (15.8) | 8 (14.0) | 0.620 * | 13 (1.7) | 3 (1.1) | 1 (1.4) | 0.565 * |
| Regular alcohol drinker, n (%) | 88 (33.3) | 78 (42.4) | 29 (50.9) | 0.005 * | 49 (6.4) | 8 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) | 0.008 * |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 166 (62.9) | 91 (49.5) | 25 (43.9) | <0.001 * | 459 (59.5) | 161 (57.5) | 43 (59.7) | 0.738 * |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [inter quartile range], or number (percent). p for trend was derived from a general linear model using contrast coefficients or from the Cochran-Armitage trend test *. Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.