Figure 6.
Wing kinematics predicted for the pigeon for a climb angle range of −60° to 60° with a flight speed of 4 m s−1, an intermediate speed between the upper and lower limits seen in experiments on climbing pigeons [64]. The same model physical parameters were used as in the cruising flight simulations. Upper constraint on frequency was increased to 9.4 Hz here to capture the frequency range that has been observed in the climbing experiments. Numerical data are included in the electronic supplementary material.