Table 2.
Constraints on optimization variables for cruising flight simulations. Constraints on wingbeat frequency are defined using an allometric scaling prediction for frequency, fs, [36], with the minimum constraint set equal to 0.5fs and maximum constraint set as 1.5fs. Maximum elevation amplitude was defined according to peak values recorded experimentally for pigeons [37].
| variable | minimum constraint | maximum constraint |
|---|---|---|
| wingbeat frequency, f (Hz) | 3 | 9 |
| elevation amplitude, Φ | 0 | 75° |
| pronation amplitude, Θ | 0 | 90° |
| stroke–plane angle, γ | −90° | 0° |
| extension amplitude, E | 0 | 1 |