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Energy difference between the sinusoidal wrinkling mode and the wrinkling mode that actually occurred. Without perturbation, the system may maintain the sinusoidal wrinkling mode in the post-buckling stage. The strain shown in the figure is the nominal compressive strain of point P, which is shown in figure 4 as well. The modular ratio of the system is 774 and λ0=1. (Online version in colour.)
