Table 2. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with AHF according to the development of AKI by RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO definitions during hospitalization.
| Characteristic | RIFLE | AKIN | KDIGO | |||
| No AKI (n = 682) | AKI (n = 323) | No AKI (n = 656) | AKI (n = 349) | No AKI (n = 614) | AKI (n = 391) | |
| Age(year) | 68.6±15.0 | 68.3±15.1 | 68.4±15.2 | 68.8±14.8 | 68.4±15.3 | 68.8±14.7 |
| Gender(Male) —n (%) | 408(59.8) | 158(48.9) * | 381(58.1) | 185(53.0) | 360(58.6) | 206(52.7) |
| Smoker—n (%) | 173(25.4) | 64(19.8) | 164(25.0) | 73(20.9) | 154(25.1) | 83(21.2) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 136±28 | 134±30 | 135±27 | 135±32 | 135±28 | 135±31 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78±16 | 76±18 | 78±16 | 76±18 | 77±16 | 77±18 |
| HR(beat/min) | 90±21 | 93±21* | 90±21 | 93±22 | 90±21 | 93±21 |
| LVEF(%) | 49.7±13.2 | 48.5±12.3 | 49.5±13.0 | 49.1±12.7 | 49.5±13.0 | 49.0±12.7 |
| Hypertension—n (%) | 446(65.4) | 203(62.8) | 422(64.3) | 227(65.0) | 395(64.3) | 254(65.0) |
| Diabetes—n (%) | 208(30.5) | 121(37.5) * | 194(29.6) | 135(38.7) * | 182(29.6) | 147(38.4) * |
| Ischemic heart disease—n (%) | 185(27.1) | 91(28.2) | 184(28.0) | 92(26.4) | 172(27.7) | 104(27.2) |
| Causes of AHF | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 296(43.4) | 144(44.6) | 296(45.1) | 144(41.3) | 270(44.0) | 170(43.5) |
| Valvular heart disease | 161(23.6) | 66(20.4) | 147(22.4) | 80(22.9) | 142(23.1) | 85(21.7) |
| Cardiomyopathy. | 89(13.0) | 40(12.4) | 83(13.1) | 46(13.2) | 79(12.9) | 50(12.8) |
| Hypertension | 81(11.9) | 43(13.3) | 75(11.4) | 49(14.0) | 72(11.7) | 52(13.3) |
| Congenital heart disease | 37(5.4) | 20(6.2) | 35(5.3) | 22(6.3) | 35(5.7) | 22(5.6) |
| Others | 18(2.6) | 10(3.1) | 18(2.7) | 8(2.3) | 16(2.6) | 12(3.1) |
| Admission eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 58.8±24.1 | 59.9±26.5 | 61.3±23.1 | 55.2±27.5* | 60.9±23.3 | 56.4±27.0* |
| Hemoglobin(g/L) | 121±25 | 112±26* | 123±24 | 110±27* | 122±24 | 112±26* |
| Serum albumin(g/L) | 32.7±5.9 | 31.7±6.1* | 32.8±5.8 | 31.5±6.1* | 32.8±5.9 | 31.6±6.1* |
| C-reactive protein(mg/L) | 16.0 (7.9–46.0) | 25.5* (11.8–67.0) | 15.5 (7.9–43.8) | 27.2* (12.0–72.1) | 15.5 (7.5–43.6) | 25.8* (11.8–68.3) |
| LDL-cholesterol(mmol/L) | 2.5±1.1 | 2.4±1.1 | 2.4±1.1 | 2.5±1.1 | 2.4±1.1 | 2.5±1.1 |
| ACEI/ARB medication—n (%) | 477(69.9) | 200(61.9) * | 469(71.5) | 208(59.6) * | 435(70.8) | 242(61.9) * |
| Diuretic medication—n (%) | 527(77.3) | 281(87.0) * | 510(77.7) | 298(85.4) * | 473(77.0) | 335(85.7) * |
| RRT—n (%) | 14(2.1) | 50(15.5) * | 11(1.7) | 53(15.2) * | 10(1.6) | 54(13.8) * |
| LOS in hospital (days) | 13(9–21) | 14(8–25) | 14(9–21) | 14(8–24) | 12(8–20) | 12(7–21) |
| LOS in ICU (days) | 7(3–11) | 6(3–12) * | 7(3–11) | 6(3–12) * | 7(3–11) | 6(3–12)* |
| ICU stay—n (%) | 106(15.5) | 134(41.5) * | 105(16.0) | 135(41.8)* | 88(14.3) | 152(38.9)* |
AHF: acute heart failure; AKI: acute kidney injury; BP: blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular eject fraction; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; RRT: renal replacement therapy; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit.
*:compared with NO-AKI group, P<0.05.