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. 2014 Dec 23;2:e711. doi: 10.7717/peerj.711

Figure 9. Reconstructed patterns of patellar evolution.

Figure 9

Phylogenetic trees (as per Fig. 1) constructed from the data of (A) Hackett et al. (2008), Harshman et al. (2008), Phillips et al. (2010), Smith, Braun & Kimball (2013), and Mitchell et al. (2014) and (B) Livezey & Zusi (2007). When the evolution of the patella is reconstructed over these trees and those of other authors, the patella shows a single origin in birds (blue). Key: grey, ?/no data or ambiguous data; white, 0/absent; blue, 1/small flake of bone; green, 2/nodule of bone; yellow, 3/subrectangular block; black, 4/expanded triangular crest.