Table 3.
poor households | rich households | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
health insurance | −0.984*** | (0.295) | −0.216 | (0.308) |
needs | ||||
self-assessed health: good | 0.153 | (0.205) | 0.027 | (0.133) |
self-assessed health: fair | 0.085 | (0.202) | 0.213 | (0.146) |
self-assessed health: poor | 0.056 | (0.217) | 0.271 | (0.176) |
disease: heart attack | 0.382** | (0.185) | −0.273 | (0.223) |
disease: stroke | −0.028 | (0.207) | 0.151 | (0.247) |
disease: cancer/malignant tumor | 0.184 | (0.287) | 0.159 | (0.252) |
disease: hypertension/high blood pressure | 0.132* | (0.073) | −0.090 | (0.091) |
disease: arthritis/rheumatism | 0.051 | (0.089) | 0.168* | (0.102) |
disease: diabetes/high blood sugar level | 0.137 | (0.094) | −0.131 | (0.124) |
severe problems with (i)adl | 0.348*** | (0.075) | 0.137 | (0.096) |
symptoms: stomach pain, indigestion | 0.196** | (0.089) | 0.213** | (0.096) |
enabling factors | ||||
household income (x $1000) | 0.002 | (0.002) | −0.000 | (0.000) |
household assets (x $1000) | 0.008 | (0.008) | −0.002 | (0.003) |
locality size: >100000 | 0.145 | (0.113) | −0.040 | (0.108) |
predisposing factors | ||||
gender: female | −0.002 | (0.073) | 0.034 | (0.101) |
age: 60 – 69 | 0.113 | (0.085) | 0.051 | (0.104) |
age: 70 or more | 0.093 | (0.100) | −0.260** | (0.130) |
married/living together | 0.044 | (0.084) | −0.127 | (0.143) |
number of years of education | 0.026** | (0.013) | −0.009 | (0.010) |
speaks indigenous language | 0.073 | (0.125) | 0.162 | (0.171) |
other variables | ||||
observation from 2003 | −0.107 | (0.076) | −0.079 | (0.082) |
constant | −1.439*** | (0.257) | −1.144*** | (0.249) |
| ||||
ρ (correlation of insurance and alternative services) | 0.656*** | (0.161) | 0.049 | (0.190) |
test of excluded instruments (χ2(4)) | 46.64*** | p=0.000 | 86.09*** | p=0.000 |
Wald test of constant-only model (χ2(22)) | 117.87*** | p=0.000 | 68.19*** | p=0.000 |
#observations | 7203 | 7688 |
Weighted pooled bivariate probit regression, 2001 and 2003. Heterogeneity-corrected standard errors, clustered by household.
significant at 1%, 5%, 10%.