Table 3.

Use of alternative medicine by poor and rich households^a

	poor households		rich households
health insurance	−0.984^***	(0.295)	−0.216	(0.308)
needs
self-assessed health: good	0.153	(0.205)	0.027	(0.133)
self-assessed health: fair	0.085	(0.202)	0.213	(0.146)
self-assessed health: poor	0.056	(0.217)	0.271	(0.176)
disease: heart attack	0.382^**	(0.185)	−0.273	(0.223)
disease: stroke	−0.028	(0.207)	0.151	(0.247)
disease: cancer/malignant tumor	0.184	(0.287)	0.159	(0.252)
disease: hypertension/high blood pressure	0.132^*	(0.073)	−0.090	(0.091)
disease: arthritis/rheumatism	0.051	(0.089)	0.168^*	(0.102)
disease: diabetes/high blood sugar level	0.137	(0.094)	−0.131	(0.124)
severe problems with (i)adl	0.348^***	(0.075)	0.137	(0.096)
symptoms: stomach pain, indigestion	0.196^**	(0.089)	0.213^**	(0.096)
enabling factors
household income (x $1000)	0.002	(0.002)	−0.000	(0.000)
household assets (x $1000)	0.008	(0.008)	−0.002	(0.003)
locality size: >100000	0.145	(0.113)	−0.040	(0.108)
predisposing factors
gender: female	−0.002	(0.073)	0.034	(0.101)
age: 60 – 69	0.113	(0.085)	0.051	(0.104)
age: 70 or more	0.093	(0.100)	−0.260^**	(0.130)
married/living together	0.044	(0.084)	−0.127	(0.143)
number of years of education	0.026^**	(0.013)	−0.009	(0.010)
speaks indigenous language	0.073	(0.125)	0.162	(0.171)
other variables
observation from 2003	−0.107	(0.076)	−0.079	(0.082)
constant	−1.439^***	(0.257)	−1.144^***	(0.249)

ρ (correlation of insurance and alternative services)	0.656^***	(0.161)	0.049	(0.190)
test of excluded instruments (χ²(4))	46.64^***	p=0.000	86.09^***	p=0.000
Wald test of constant-only model (χ²(22))	117.87^***	p=0.000	68.19^***	p=0.000
#observations	7203		7688

Weighted pooled bivariate probit regression, 2001 and 2003. Heterogeneity-corrected standard errors, clustered by household.

^{***, **, *}

significant at 1%, 5%, 10%.