| Ariza et al., 2004 (42) |
Cross-sectional |
250 overweight Hispanic children, ages 5-6 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent reported frequency of consumption of select foods |
No significant relationships between diet and TV identified, although this was not the primary focus of the analysis |
Average daily use in hours (binary); >3h/d or ≤3h/d |
| Brown et al., 2010 (51) |
Cross-sectional, prospective |
4,983 children ages 4-7 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent reported consumption of select foods using 24-h dietary recall. |
In cross-sectional analysis, TV weakly correlated with snacking in separate models using children ages 4-5 (β = 0.073, P<0.001), and 6-7 (β = 0.070, P<0.001). In prospective analysis, TV exposure at ages 4-5 weakly correlated with snacking at ages 6-7 (β = 0.060, P<0.001). |
Average daily use in hours (continuous) |
| Campbell et al., 2006 (43) |
Cross-sectional |
560 children ages 5-6 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent-reported frequency of select foods using food frequency questionnaire. |
TV viewing (minutes per day × 10) associated with higher energy intake (β = 81.9), greater sweet snack (β = 0.2) and high-energy drink consumption (β = 0.4), and lower vegetable intake (β = 0.2). |
Average daily use in minutes (continuous) |
| Dubois et al., 2008 (44) |
Cross-sectional |
1,549 children ages 4-5 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes. |
Parent reported consumption using 24-h dietary recall. |
TV viewing (≥3 h/d) associated with eating meals and snacks while watching television (d = 0.0446), lower daily consumption of fruits and vegetables (d = 0.0594). TV did not increase the odds of drinking soft drinks every day. |
Average daily use in hours (binary) ≥3h/d or <3h/d |
| Gubbels et al., 2009 (45) |
Cross-sectional |
2,578 children age 2 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent-reported frequency of consumption of select foods. |
TV viewing inversely correlated with intake of fresh fruit (r = -0.22, P≤0.01), and vegetables (r = -0.15, P≤0.01), and positively correlated with intake of sugar-sweetened drinks (r = 0.16, P≤0.01) and snacks (r = 0.22, P≤0.01). |
Average daily use in hours (continuous) |
| Manios et al., 2009 (49) |
Cross-sectional |
2,374 Greek children ages 1-5 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent-reported consumption using 24-h dietary recall, food diary and weighing. |
TV associated with higher total energy intake (β = 46.5, P=0.008). |
Average daily use in hours (binary); ≥2h/d or <2h/d |
| Miller et al., 2008 (46) |
Cross-sectional |
1,203 children age 3 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent-reported consumption using food frequency questionnaire. |
TV viewing positively associated with intakes of SSB (β = 0.09), fruit juice (β = 0.11), whole or 2% milk (β = 0.08), fast food (β = 0.49), snack food (β = 0.12), red and processed meats (β = 0.08), total daily energy intake (β = 41.1), and percent energy intake from total fat (β = 0.39), trans fat (β = 0.05), and polyunsaturated fats (β = 0.11). TV viewing was inversely associated with intakes of fruit and vegetables (β = -0.17), skim or 1% milk (β = -0.11), calcium (β = -37.9), dietary fiber (β = -0.44), and percent of total energy intake from protein β = -0.23). |
Average daily use in hours (categorical); 0-1/2h/d, >1/2-<2h/d, 2h/d, >2h/d |
| Nelson et. al, 2006 (53) |
Cross-sectional |
526 children ages 2- 4 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes |
Parent-reported frequency of consumption of select foods using adapted NHANES questionnaire. |
TV positively associated with intake of “nonjuice fruit drinks” (d = 0.2741). |
Average daily use in hours (binary); ≤2h/d or >2h/d |
| Proctor et al., 2003 (50) |
Prospective cohort |
106 children ages 4 (at enrollment) to 11 (at last follow-up) |
Parent-reported TV + video game time in minutes. |
Parent-reported consumption using food diary. |
TV associated with higher energy intake at baseline (d = -1.0901). |
Average daily use in hours (categorical, tertiles); low (1.1 ± 0. h/d), medium (1.6 ± 0.7h/d), and high (2.4 ± 1.6h/d) |
| Sasaki et al., 2010 (47) |
Cross-sectional |
449 children ages 2 to 6 |
Parent-reported TV + video game time in minutes. |
Parent-reported, methodology unclear. |
TV positively associated with snacking frequency (OR = 2.71, P<0.01), and negatively associated with daily consumption of breakfast (OR = 0.29, P<0.01). |
Average daily use in hours (binary); <2h/d or ≥2h/d |
| Taveras et al., 2006 (54) |
Cross-sectional |
240 children ages 2 to 5 |
Parent-reported TV + computer time in minutes. |
Parent-reported frequency of consumption of select foods. |
TV viewing (each hour) associated with greater consumption of fast food (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.49). |
Average daily use in hours (continuous) |
| Tremblay et al., 2010 (48) |
Cross-sectional |
1,192 children aged 4 |
Parent-reported TV time in minutes. |
Parent-reported child frequency of fruits and vegetables |
TV inversely associated intake of vegetables (r = -0.123, P<0.01) in boys only. |
Average daily use in hours (continuous) |
