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Effects of retention cuts (mean effect size ± 95% CI) on species richness and abundance of forest, generalist and open-habitat species when using (a) clearcut or (b) un-harvested forest as the control. Numbers of observations are stated in brackets. Effects are not significantly different from 0 when 95% CIs include 0. For significant effects, P-values are shown as *P<0·05, **P<0·01 or ***P<0·001.
