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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 28.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Sep 30;1790(1):31–39. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.006

Fig. 2. Morelloflavone inhibits VSMC migration, invasion and lamellipodium formation.

Fig. 2

(A) Scratch wound cell migration assay.. Top panels: Photomicrographs of migration patterns of morelloflavone-treated VSMCs. Bottom panel: Migration indices. Migration indices were calculated as migrated cells per unit area (cells/mm2). ****, P<0.001 by one-way ANOVA (n = 5). (B) Modified Boyden chamber invasion assay. Top panels: Photomicrographs of invasion patterns of VSMC in the presence and absence of morelloflavone (1 μM). Bottom panel: The effect of morelloflavone on VSMCs migration. Migrated cell numbers represented the total cell numbers on each test sites (8.0 [mm2]). Morelloflavone at 1μM significantly blocked VSMC migration (***, P = 0.002 by two-way ANOVA, n = 5). SMGS, smooth muscle cell growth supplement (Cascade Biologics, Portland, OR). (C) Lamellipodia formation assay. Top panels: Confocal microscopy of VSMCs stimulated by sera in the presence of various concentrations of morelloflavone (0–10μM). Arrow, lamellipodia; size bar, 50μm. Bottom panel: Lamellipodium indices calculated as the number of lamellipodia divided by the total number of cells counted. Open bar, no serum; closed bar, 5% serum. Serum stimulation significantly increased lamellipodium indices (***P < 0.005, n = 3) in the absence of morelloflavone. Serum stimulation failed to increase lamellipodium indices in the presence of 1–10 μM morelloflavone. Morelloflavone significantly decreased lamellipodium indices in a concentration-dependent fashion (****, P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA).