Table 2.

Main therapeutic approaches and targets in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Therapeutic target	Approach	Reference	Potential effect on autophagy
Oxidative, nitrosative, nitrative stress
NADPH oxidases	Enzyme inhibition
	apocynin, (VAS2870 or GKT137831)	[39, 154]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [55, 155]
	AT-1 receptor antagonist	[61]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [156]
Xanthine oxidase	Enzyme inhibition:
	allopurinol	[40, 41, 63, 64]	No information
eNOS	Uncoupling inhibitors
	L-Arginine	[157]	Potentially inhibits autophagy by NO [75, 158]
	tetrahydrobiopterin	[68]	Potentially inhibits autophagy by NO [159]
	IGF-1	[160]	Potential inhibitor of autophagy [161]
iNOS	Enzyme inhibition:
	L-NIL	[162, 163]	No information in the literature.
Peroxynitrite	Decomposition catalysts:
	MnTMPyP	[28]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [77]
	FP15	[164]
Mitochondria oxidative stress	MitoTEMPO	[45]	No information in the literature.
NRF2	Activators:
	Sulforafan	[165]	Potential autophagy inducer [166]
	DH404	[167]
ROCK	Enzyme inhibition:
	Fasudil	[168]	Potential autophagy inducer [169]
Cell death pathways – Autophagy/Mitophagy, Apoptosis, PARP-dependent cell death
p38 MAPK	Enzyme inhibition:
	SB 239063	170]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [76]
PARP	Enzyme inhibition:
	PJ34	[118]
	3-aminobenzamide	[171]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [172]
AMPK activation	Metformin	[104]	Potential autophagy inducer [99]
GLP-1	GLP-1 agonists , DPP-4 inhibitors	[173-177]	Potential autophagy inducers [178]
Inflammation
Cytokine expression (TNFα, IL1β, TGFβ)	p38 MAPK inhibition	[122]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [76]
	AT-1 receptor antagonist	[57]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [156]
Endocannabinoid system	CB1 antagonist	[38]	Potential inhibitors of autophagy [139]