Table 1.
Summary of FGF15/19 and FGF21 actions in different biological contexts
| Hormone | Stimulus (transcriptional inducer) | Tissue source of FGF | Target Tissue | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| FGF15/19 | Postprandial bile acids (FXR) | Small intestine | Liver | ↓ Bile acid synthesis | (5) |
| ↓ Gluconeogenesis | (56) | ||||
| ↑ Glycogen synthesis | (87) | ||||
| ↑ Protein synthesis | (87) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Pharmacology | Liver CNS BAT WAT |
Beneficial | |||
| ↓ Bile acid synthesis | (5) | ||||
| ↓ Gluconeogenesis | (56) | ||||
| ↑ Glycogen synthesis | (87) | ||||
| ↑ Thermogenesis and weight loss | (41, 42) | ||||
| ↑ Insulin sensitivity | (41, 42) | ||||
| ↓ Blood triglyceride levels | (41, 42) | ||||
| ↓ Blood cholesterol levels | (41, 42) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Adverse | |||||
| ↑ Liver cell growth, neoplasia | (60) | ||||
|
| |||||
| FGF21 | Starvation (PPARα,CREB-H) | Liver | CNS | ↑ Hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis | (9, 10, 13) |
| ↑ Growth hormone resistance | (15) | ||||
| ↓ Ovulation | (16) | ||||
| ↓ Wheel-running activity | (17) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Fasting/refeeding, overfeeding (PPARα, PPARγ) | Liver WAT |
BAT WAT |
↑ Glucose uptake and fatty acid storage | (8, 30) | |
|
| |||||
| Cold (ATF2) | BAT WAT |
BAT WAT |
↑ Thermogenesis | (31–33) | |
| ↑ Browning of WAT | (33) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Ketogenic, low amino acid/protein diets (PPARα, ATF4) | Liver | CNS BAT |
↑ Hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis | (9, 22, 91) | |
| ↑ Thermogenesis and weigh↑ loss | (19, 22) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Mitochondrial dysfunction, pancreatitis (ATF4) | Skeletal muscle Pancreas | N/K | N/K | (35, 37, 92) | |
|
| |||||
| Pharmacology | CNS BAT WAT |
Beneficial | |||
| ↑ Thermogenesis and weigh↑ loss | (14, 39, 40) | ||||
| ↑ Browning of WAT | (33) | ||||
| ↑ Glucose uptake | (40, 49) | ||||
| ↑ Insulin sensitivity | (40, 93) | ||||
| ↓ Blood triglyceride levels | (39, 43) | ||||
| ↓ Blood cholesterol levels | (9, 10, 43) | ||||
| ↑ Lifespan | (46) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Adverse | |||||
| ↑ Bone loss | (47) | ||||
| ↑ Glucocorticoids | (17, 64) | ||||
N/K, not known.