FIG. 3.
Metabolic fluxes in normal fermentations (black numbers) and sluggish fermentations (white numbers on a black background) at the following three alcohol concentrations (from top to bottom in each case): 1.2, 6.4, and 9.5% (vol/vol). The values are expressed in millimoles of C per gram (dry weight) of cells per hour. The flux used for maintenance is expressed as a percentage of the total ATP produced. CARB, carbohydrates; GLC, glucose; FRUC, fructose; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4-phosphate; GLY3P, glycerol 3-phosphate; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; GLYC, glycerol; SER, serine; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; AC, acetate; ACCOA, acetyl coenzyme A; LIP, lipids; OAA, oxaloacetate; PYR, pyruvate; ADE, acetaldehyde; ETOH, ethanol; ASP, aspartate; ISOCIT, isocitrate; GLN, glutamine; FUM, fumarate; AKG, α-ketoglutarate; GLU, glutamic acid; PROT, protein; SUC, succinate; SUCEX, extracellular succinate; mATP, maintenance ATP.