Figure 5.

Healthy training versus overtraining of the heart. Healthy training with balanced exercise and recovery results in physiological remodeling in which enhanced cardiac structure and function enable greater cardiac performance during exercise. On the other hand, we propose that excessive exercise (training that is too intense and/or recovery that is too short) may cause cardiac injury and proarrhythmic remodeling, which predominantly affects the right ventricle (RV; adapted from the doctoral thesis of La Gerche⁵⁵). ARVC: arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy.