Effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and LPA receptor 1 and 3 antagonist VPC-12249 (VPC) on adhesive properties of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs; open bars) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (filled bars). Data represent mean + SD of 3 independent experiments. Triple asterisks indicate P < 1 × 10−5 versus control, double asterisks P < 0.0004 versus control, a single asterisk P = 0.008 versus control, and a pound sign (#) P = 0.0005 versus LPA alone and P = 0.005 versus control, all by nonpaired t test. B, Concentration dependence of the effect of LPA on adhesive properties of PAECs. Data represent mean + SD of 3 independent experiments. Overall, P < 1 × 10−5 by one-way ANOVA. Triple asterisks indicate P < 1 × 10−5 versus control and double asterisks P < 0.0004 versus control.