Table 2.
Comparison of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic data
| P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | PAH–No CV (n = 50) | PAH-CV (n = 96) | PVH-CV (n = 110) | PAH–No CV vs. PAH-CV | PAH-CV vs. PVH-CV |
| Electrocardiography | |||||
| Sinus rhythm, no. (%) | 49/49 (100)a | 72/93 (77.4)b | 61/105 (57.5)c | <0.0001/0.998 | 0.003 |
| RBBB, no. (%) | 5/49 (10.2) | 7/93 (7.5) | 5/105 (4.8) | 0.586/0.337 | 0.416 |
| R wave dominant in lead V1, no. (%) | 30/49 (61.2) | 37/93 (39.8) | 19/105 (18.1) | 0.015/0.424 | 0.001 |
| Right ventricular strain, no. (%) | 31/49 (63.3) | 40/93 (43) | 23/105 (21.9) | 0.022/0.541 | 0.001 |
| Right axis deviation, no. (%) | 31/49 (63.3) | 32/93 (34.4) | 15/105 (14.3) | 0.001/0.011 | 0.001 |
| PR interval, ms | 152 (143–161) | 164 (150–182) | 154 (140–179) | 0.006/0.045 | 0.110 |
| QRS duration, ms | 97 (84–108) | 94 (86–104) | 94 (84–106) | 0.607/0.845 | 0.934 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, cm | 4.3 (3.8–4.6) | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) | 4.7 (4.2–5.1) | 0.901/0.678 | <0.0001 |
| Interventricular septal thickness, cm | 0.9 (0.7–1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.007/0.387 | 0.462 |
| Left ventricular posterior wall thickness, cm | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | <0.0001/0.014 | 0.353 |
| E/E′ ratio | 5 (3.9–7.3) | 7.5 (5–11) | 9.1 (7–14) | 0.091/0.547 | 0.009 |
| RV/LV ratio | 1.35 (1.07–1.68) | 1.22 (0.84–1.5) | 0.92 (0.79–1.15) | 0.120/0.303 | <0.0001 |
| Peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation, m/s | 4.2 (3.7–4.6) | 4.1 (3.6–4.5) | 3.7 (3.3–4.1) | 0.147/0.375 | <0.0001 |
| Right atrial volume, mL | 80 (65–100) | 105 (76–136) | 105 (78–124) | 0.029/0.507 | 0.713 |
| Left atrial diameter, cm | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–4) | 5 (4–5) | 0.001/0.024 | <0.0001 |
| LAVI | 36 (26–47) | 44 (31–57) | 55 (38–70) | 0.046/0.921 | 0.001 |
| TAPSE, mm | 15 (11–19) | 15 (13–20) | 16 (13–21) | 0.608/0.587 | 0.803 |
| Right ventricular TDI S wave, cm/s | 9 (8.6–11) | 11 (9–12) | 9 (8–12) | 0.073/0.195 | 0.041 |
| Right ventricular Tei index | 0.7 (0.57–0.8) | 0.6 (0.47–0.74) | 0.5 (0.38–0.65) | 0.142/0.338 | 0.067 |
| Pericardial effusion, no. (%) | 9 (18) | 23 (24) | 9 (8.2) | 0.409/0.739 | 0.002 |
| Hemodynamics | |||||
| mPAP, mmHg | 51 (44–59) | 43 (33–56) | 41 (33–53) | 0.023/0.998 | 0.284 |
| LVEDP, mmHg | 8 (6–10) | 10 (8–13) | 18 (17–22) | 0.001/0.007 | |
| PAWP, mmHg | 10 (8–12) | 12 (9–15) | 21 (17–25) | 0.002/0.008 | |
| mRAP, mmHg | 7 (5–10) | 10 (7–14) | 15 (11–18) | 0.023/0.016 | <0.0001 |
| RVEDP, mmHg | 10 (6–14) | 10 (7–15) | 15 (9–18) | 0.602/0.196 | <0.0001 |
| Transpulmonary gradient, mmHg | 40 (32–47) | 34 (20–44) | 18 (12–28) | 0.006/0.372 | |
| Diastolic pulmonary pressure difference, mmHg | 22 (11–30) | 18 (9–27) | 2 (−3 to 11) | 0.248/0.375 | |
| Cardiac index | 2.2 (1.8–2.9) | 2.2 (1.9–2.8) | 2.1 (1.8–2.8) | 0.893/0.926 | 0.564 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance, Wood units | 11 (6–15) | 8 (5–13) | 5 (3–8) | 0.039/0.732 | <0.0001 |
All continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range). In the P value column for PAH–No CV versus PAH-CV, the second P value is after age adjustment. After Bonferroni correction, the statistical threshold is P ≤ 0.001. P values in boldface type indicate statistically significant differences. PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; CV: cardiovascular risk factors; PVH: pulmonary venous hypertension; RBBB: right bundle branch block; RV/LV ratio: right ventricular basal end-diastolic/left ventricular basal end-diastolic diameter (in the 4-chamber view); LAVI: left atrial volume index; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TDI: tissue Doppler imaging; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; LVEDP: left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; mRAP: mean right atrial pressure; RVEDP: right ventricular end-diastolic pressure.
One patient had paced rhythm.
Two patients had paced rhythm, and in one case an electrocardiogram was not available.
Five patients had paced rhythm.