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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Evol. 2014 Nov 15;78:91–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.010

Table 1.

Results of Kruskal-Wallis and two-tailed Mann-Whitney contrasts between groups for body mass, soft-tissue, periosteal bone growth, and deltoid crest variables.

Variable Control
(CON)		 Running
(WHL)		 Climbing
(CLB)		 Kruskal-
Wallis		 CON-WHL Mann-Whitney
CON-CLB		 WHL-CLB
Body mass (g) 33.93 ± 2.27 29.88 ± 1.82 31.94 ± 4.05 0.007 0.001 NS NS
Muscle variables
Acromiodeltoideus
  Mass (µg) 9.0 ± 0.67 8.4 ± 0.7 10.4 ± 0.7 < 0.001 NS 0.001 <0.001
  Lf (mm) 4.29 ± 0.26 5.21 ± 0.32 3.54 ± 0.31 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  PCSA (mm2) 1.61 ± 0.15 1.26 ± 0.14 2.49 ± 0.22 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  Pennation (°) 34.73 ± 8.42 34.7 ± 3.89 26.07 ± 6.75 < 0.001 NS 0.023* 0.008*
Spinodeltoideus
  Mass (µg) 18.8 ± 2.9 17.9 ± 1.2 22.1 ± 3.96 0.05* NS 0.05* 0.026*
  Lf (mm) 7.41 ± 0.77 8.47 ± 0.33 6.01 ± 0.75 < 0.001 <0.001 0.002* <0.001
  PCSA (mm2) 2.37 ± 0.29 1.96 ± 0.17 3.43 ± 0.63 < 0.001 0.002* <0.001 <0.001
  Pennation (°) 10.32 ± 1.68 11.45 ± 2.83 11.0 ± 3.67 NS NS NS <0.001
Superficial pectoralis
  Mass (µg) 101.9 ± 6.15 101.0 ± 9.06 111.5 ± 6.45 0.009* NS 0.005* 0.015*
  Lf (mm) 13.21 ± 0.31 14.84 ± 0.68 11.86 ± 0.77 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  PCSA (mm2) 7.18 ± 0.4 6.33 ± 0.35 8.75 ± 0.49 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
  Pennation (°) 10.4 ± 2.39 10.15 ± 2.04 10.79 ± 2.01 NS NS NS NS
Periosteal bone growth
Crest (µm/day) 2.46 ± 0.334 3.46 ± 0.405 2.99 ± 0.378 0.007 0.014* 0.018* NS
Mean (µm/day) 2.1 ± 0.292 3.16 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.141 < 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.014*
Muscle attachment site
Lateral
  Max length (mm) 1.44 ± 0.08 1.42 ± 0.06 1.4 ± 0.083 NS NS NS NS
  Max width (mm) 0.41 ± 0.04 0.42 ± 0.03 0.42 ± 0.01 NS NS NS NS
  Area (mm2 ) 0.38 ± 0.04 0.38 ± 0.034 0.37± 0.035 NS NS NS NS
Medial
  Max length (mm) 1.39 ± 0.11 1.41 ± 0.09 1.36 ± 0.09 NS NS NS NS
  Max width (mm) 0.36 ± 0.04 0.33 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.01 NS NS NS NS
  Area (mm2) 0.3 ± 0.037 0.3 ± 0.032 0.31± 0.04 NS NS NS NS
Angle (°) 145.28 ± 18.34 147.21 ± 10.51 148.01 ± 9.6 NS NS NS NS
Thickness (mm) 0.052 ± 0.004 0.05 ± 0.005 0.056 ± 0.006 NS NS 0.023* NS

Means ± standard deviations are reported for all three groups1–3.

1

Lf = sarcomere adjusted fibre length; PCSA = sarcomere adjusted physiological cross-sectional area.

2

Bold = significant differences after the Dunn-Šidák correction method.

3

In all comparisons, n=10 for each group with the exception of analyses of periosteal bone growth, where n=4 for WHL, n=8 for CON and n=9 for CLB.

*

= non-significant after the Dunn-Šidák correction method

NS = non-significant.