Fig. 7.
Effects of NAX 409-9 and morphine on gastrointestinal motility in mice. Following administration of a charcoal bolus (250 μl oral gavage; 10% activated charcoal, 5% gum Arabic, 85% dH2O by weight) and vehicle (1% Tween 20/saline), morphine (2 mg/kg), or NAX 409-9 (4, 10, or 20 mg/kg) administration, mice were sacrificed and intestinal tracts were removed. Total movement of the charcoal bolus was measured and expressed as a percentage of total intestinal transit distance. Morphine reduced overall intestinal transit distance (***P < 0.001, compared with all other groups), whereas NAX 409-9 at doses up to 20 mg/kg had no effect. Group sizes were N = 6 (NAX 409-9 and morphine) and N = 17 (vehicle).