Table 1.
Fecal metabolites significantly regulated by moderate wine consumption.
| Compound | Analysis | Effect of Wine Intake (↑, ↓) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted | Non-Targeted | ||
| Group I: Wine compounds | |||
| 2-Hydroxyglutaric acid a | + | ↑ | |
| 2-Methylbutyric acid | + | ↑ | |
| 2,3-Pentanedione | + | ↑ | |
| Diethylmalonate | + | ↑ | |
| 2-Phenethyl butyrate | + | ↑ | |
| 2-Phenylethyl hexanoate | + | ↑ | |
| Group II: Phenolic metabolites | |||
| Benzoic acids | |||
| 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Protocatechuic acid | + | ↑ | |
| 3-O-Methylgallic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Vanillic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Syringic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Benzoic acid b | + | ↑ | |
| Phenylacetic acids | |||
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Phenylpropionic acids | |||
| 3-Phenylpropionic acid | + | ↑ | |
| 3-(3’-Hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid b | + | ↓ | |
| Valeric acids | |||
| 4-Hydroxy-5-(3’-hydroxyphenyl) valeric acid | + | ↑ | |
| 4-Hydroxy-5-(phenyl) valeric acid | + | + | ↑ |
| 4-Hydroxy-5-(3’,4’-dihydroxyphenyl) valeric acid | + | ↑ | |
| Valerolactones | |||
| 5-(3’,4’-Dihydroxyphenyl)- γ-valerolactone | + | ↑ | |
| 5-(3’-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone | + | ↑ | |
| Group III: Endogenous metabolites | |||
| Xanthine b | + | ↓ | |
| Tricarballylic acid | + | ↓ | |
| Glutaric acid b | + | ↑ | |
| Urobilinogen b | + | ↑ | |
| Stercobilin b | + | ↑ | |
| Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester | + | ↑ | |
| Deoxycholic acid | + | ↑ | |
| Sulfolithocholic acid | + | ↓ | |
| Cholesterol sulfate | + | ↑ | |
a Confirmed in the wine used in the study; b metabolite identification confirmed with commercial standards in the non-targeted approach.