Serum |
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Renal function |
Serial measurements; provides insight into current graft function |
Often involves surrogates (i.e., serum creatinine) to estimate function |
DSA (HLA) |
Early marker of antibody injury |
Uncommon early post-transplant; no effective treatment |
Urine |
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Proteinuria |
Shown to be associated with current/future graft status |
Results can be influenced by many factors (infection, recurrent disease, etc.) |
Tissue |
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Graft histology (protocol and biopsy for cause) |
Visual evidence of what is happening in the graft |
Invasive; costly; variable sampling/interpretation |