Table 4.

Water consumption for rats in the 90-day gavage study of positively charged 100 nm zinc oxide nanoparticles^*

	Negative control	Vehicle control	31.25 mg/kg	125 mg/kg	500 mg/kg
n#	15	15	10	10	15
Male
Week
1	30.2±1.9	31.5±1.7	32.4±1.6	32.7±0.5b	29.3±3.0
2	34.3±1.9	31.8±4.4	34.4±1.2	35.3±1.4	36.6±2.3c
3	34.4±1.3	35.6±2.9	35.6±3.0	36.4±1.8	38.6±3.4b
4	33.7±1.6	33.0±1.6	34.2±2.5	35.8±1.8d	39.5±2.4b,d
5	31.9±1.9	32.8±3.1	32.9±2.0	36.5±1.8b,d	34.9±2.3a
6	33.5±1.4	34.1±3.4	36.2±2.7	35.4±0.6b	41.5±2.7b,d
7	32.9±2.0	29.6±2.4	31.7±1.3	33.9±2.9c	35.2±4.4d
8	31.3±1.9	31.0±2.2	31.5±2.4	32.5±1.3	35.4±3.5b,d
9	31.4±1.2	29.9±1.6	31.9±2.0	32.5±1.8c	34.5±3.5d
10	31.2±1.4	30.9±2.0	32.3±2.6	34.7±2.8a,c	37.3±3.4b,d
11	31.3±0.9	30.6±1.3	32.5±2.6	31.0±2.5	33.2±2.8c
12	24.4±4.0	26.1±3.9	29.1±2.3a	27.7±3.5	31.0±3.6b,c
13	25.4±3.1	26.8±2.4	29.9±3.5a	30.8±1.0b,d	31.0±4.5b,c
14	32.7±1.1	29.3±0.8			31.9±2.2
15	29.3±1.3	28.7±0.9			29.8±1.4
Female
Week
1	20.6±1.2	20.1±2.5	20.0±1.7	21.6±1.6	22.8±1.8b,d
2	23.9±1.6	21.7±3.3	23.1±1.5	24.0±2.0	26.7±2.2b,d
3	22.4±1.4	22.6±1.9	24.4±1.0	24.5±1.5	27.1±2.9b,d
4	24.0±1.4	22.5±2.4	23.3±2.6	25.0±2.5	26.5±2.5d
5	21.5±2.7	21.7±2.4	22.5±3.6	20.6±2.7	25.0±1.5b,d
6	22.8±2.9	22.9±2.3	23.2±5.8	24.1±1.9	28.1±2.9b,d
7	22.5±2.8	21.8±2.5	22.8±2.2	23.8±1.7	26.1±2.6b,d
8	22.8±1.5	22.2±2.3	22.6±1.4	23.9±1.1	25.7±1.7b,d
9	20.3±2.8	20.8±2.1	19.2±3.7	22.4±2.4	23.0±2.7
10	21.6±3.0	20.7±3.1	22.3±2.6	22.9±2.1	25.0±3.2a,d
11	22.1±2.1	20.6±2.7	20.0±3.6	21.5±2.0	21.9±2.4
12	19.0±2.7	18.6±3.7	18.4±2.6	19.2±4.5	21.5±3.0
13	20.3±2.0	19.6±2.0	19.8±1.2	20.9±2.7	21.8±3.1
14	17.5±0.5	21.1±1.3			19.7±1.0a
15	18.8±0.9	17.6±4.3			22.0±4.0

Notes:

^*Data are given as mean ± standard deviation (g/rat/day);

^#number of animals. Significantly different from negative control (^aP<0.05, ^bP<0.01) and vehicle control (^cP<0.05, ^dP<0.01) by Scheffé’s test.