Table 2.
Risk factors of single and multiple carcinogenic HPV infection in unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted multinomial logistic regression
| Factor | Total | No carcinogenic HPV infection a | Single carcinogenic HPV | Multiple carcinogenic HPV | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p | n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | p | |
| Unadjusted analysis | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| (per year increase) | 301(100.0) | 188(100.0) | 80(100.0) | 1.03(1.00-1.06) | 0.025 | 33(100.0) | 1.02(0.98-1.01) | 0.279 |
| Married status | ||||||||
| No-cohabiting | 66(21.9) | 39(20.7) | 17(21.3) | 1.00 | 10(30.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Married/cohabiting | 235(78.1) | 149(79.3) | 63(78.8) | 0.97(0.51-1.84) | 0.926 | 23(69.7) | 0.60(0.27-1.37) | 0.226 |
| Completed years of education | ||||||||
| ≤4 | 151(50.2) | 98(52.1) | 38(47.5) | 1.00 | 15(45.5) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥5 | 150(49.8) | 90(47.9) | 42(52.5) | 1.20(0.71-2.03) | 0.488 | 18(54.5) | 1.31(0.62-2.75) | 0.480 |
| Family income (USD) | ||||||||
| ≤80.5 per month | 134(44.5) | 79(42.0) | 37(46.3) | 1.00 | 18(54.5) | 1.00 | ||
| >80.5 per month | 167(55.5) | 109(58.0) | 43(53.8) | 0.84(0.50-1.43) | 0.523 | 15(45.5) | 0.60(0.29-1.27) | 0.184 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| No | 253(84.1) | 157(83.5) | 70(87.5) | 1.00 | 26(78.8) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 48(15.9) | 31(16.5) | 10(12.5) | 0.72(0.34-1.56) | 0.408 | 7(21.2) | 1.36(0.54-3.42) | 0.509 |
| Patient’s partner infected with HIV | ||||||||
| No | 113(37.5) | 70(37.2) | 34(42.5) | 1.00 | 9(27.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 188(62.5) | 118(62.8) | 46(57.5) | 0.80(0.47-1.37) | 0.419 | 24(72.7) | 1.58(0.70-3.60) | 0.274 |
| Age at first sex | ||||||||
| ≤18 years | 95(31.6) | 62(33.0) | 24(30.0) | 1.00 | 9(27.3) | 1.00 | ||
| >18 years | 206(68.4) | 126(67.0) | 56(70.0) | 1.15(0.65-2.02) | 0.633 | 24(72.7) | 1.31(0.58-2.99) | 0.518 |
| Lifetime sex partners | ||||||||
| ≤2 | 213(70.8) | 137(72.9) | 55(68.8) | 1.00 | 21(63.6) | 1.00 | ||
| >2 | 88(29.2) | 51(27.1) | 25(31.3) | 1.22(0.69-2.61) | 0.494 | 12(36.4) | 1.54(0.80-3.34) | 0.281 |
| History of STI | ||||||||
| No | 228(75.7) | 136(72.3) | 66(82.5) | 1.00 | 26(78.8) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 73(24.3) | 52(27.7) | 14(17.5) | 0.56(0.29-1.07) | 0.080 | 7(21.2) | 0.70(0.29-1.72) | 0.442 |
| Condom use | ||||||||
| No | 124(41.2) | 84(44.7) | 26(32.5) | 1.00 | 14(42.4) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 177(58.8) | 104(55.3) | 54(67.5) | 1.68(0.97-2.91) | 0.065 | 19(57.6) | 1.10(0.52-2.32) | 0.810 |
| Total number of pregnancies | ||||||||
| <3 | 160(53.2) | 101(53.7) | 41(51.3) | 1.00 | 18(54.5) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥3 | 141(46.8) | 87(46.3) | 39(48.8) | 1.10(0.65-1.87) | 0.710 | 15(45.5) | 0.97(0.46-2.03) | 0.930 |
| CD4+ cell count | ||||||||
| (increase by 100/μL) | 301(100.0) | 188(100.0) | 80(100.0) | 0.89(0.80-0.99) | 0.039 | 33(100.0) | 0.91(0.78-1.06) | 0.230 |
| ART therapy | ||||||||
| No | 108(35.9) | 71(37.8) | 24(30.0) | 1.00 | 13(39.4) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 193(64.1) | 117(62.2) | 56(70.0) | 1.42(0.81-2.48) | 0.225 | 20(60.6) | 0.93(0.44-1.99) | 0.859 |
| Duration on ART (years) | ||||||||
| No | 108(35.9) | 71(37.8) | 24(30.0) | 1.00 | 13(39.4) | 1.00 | ||
| <2 | 94(31.2) | 51(27.1) | 28(35.0) | 1.62(0.85-3.12) | 0.146 | 15(45.5) | 1.61(0.70-3.67) | 0.260 |
| ≥2 | 99(32.9) | 66(35.1) | 28(35.0) | 1.26(0.66-2.38) | 0.487 | 5(15.2) | 0.41(0.14-1.22) | 0.111 |
| Cervical lesion | ||||||||
| No | 251(83.4) | 173(92.0) | 57(71.3) | 1.00 | 21(63.6) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 50(16.6) | 15(8.0) | 23(28.8) | 4.65(2.27-9.52) | <0.001 | 12(36.4) | 6.59(2.72-15.95) | <0.001 |
| Total | No carcinogenic HPV infection a | Single carcinogenic HPV | Multiple carcinogenic HPV | |||||
| N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p | n (%) | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p | |
| Multivariable-adjusted analysis b | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||
| (per year increase) | 301(100.0) | 188(100.0) | 80(100.0) | 1.04(1.01-1.07) | 0.012 | 33(100.0) | 1.03(0.99-1.08) | 0.132 |
| CD4+ | ||||||||
| (increase by 100 μL) | 301(100.0) | 188(100.0) | 80(100.0) | 1.00(1.00-1.00) | 0.143 | 33(100.0) | 1.00(1.00-1.00) | 0.422 |
| Cervical lesion | ||||||||
| No | 251(83.4) | 173(92.0) | 57(71.3) | 1.00 | 21(63.6) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 50(16.6) | 15(8.0) | 23(28.8) | 5.37(2.57-11.23) | <0.001 | 12(36.4) | 7.39(2.98-18.29) | <0.001 |
Statistically significant (p < 0.05) estimates are bolded and italicized. OR: Odds Ratio. 95%CI: Lower limits and upper limits of the 95% Confidence intervals. CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV, human papillomavirus. STI, sexually transmitted infection. ART, antiretroviral therapy.
Carcinogenic HPV includes HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68.
aNo carcinogenic HPV infection refers to absence of all 13 types of carcinogenic HPV.
bOnly factors that were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the unadjusted analysis were included in the multivariable-adjusted analysis.